Lectures-31----32

Lectures31---32从属结构SubordinationP.516---569新编英语语法教程章振邦编周庆锦讲SubordinationCoordinationandsubordinationaretwodevicesforcombiningandrelatingideas.Thesearecommonlyusedtoconnectclausesorsentencesinordertoestablishvarioussemanticrelationships.Generallyspeaking,coordinationestablishesarelationshipbetweenideasofapproximatelyequalimportance,whilesubordinationestablishesakindofrelationshipwhichindicatesthatoneideaismoreimportantthantheother.Agrammaticalunitthatfunctionsasaconstituentofanotherunitofequalorlowerrankofstructureiscalledasubordinateconstruction,whichmightbeafiniteclause,anon-finiteclause,averblessclause,oraphrase.Subordinatione.g.:IwenttoseethefilmintheCapitalCinema.IranintomyfriendTom.Thefilmranfortwohours.Ididn’tlikeit.Iwantedtogohome.Tomwantedtoseeit.Westayedtilltheend.Thesesevenideasarepresentedassevenseparatesentences.Butofcoursetheyarenot.Norwoulditbemuchhelptostringthemtogetherwithandorbutorothercoordinatingconjunctions.(Infact,weshouldavoidsuchstringsatallcost.)Whatisneededissubordination---reducingthelessimportantideasandhighlightingthemoreimportantones.Onepossiblewayofrevisingthepassageisthis:…,where….Thefilm,whichIdidn’tlike,ranfortwohours.AlthoughI…,Tom….andwe….SubordinationInpracticingsubordination,weshouldbecarefulofthreeerrorsthatarelikelytocropup:1)AvoidfaultysubordinationFaultysubordinationoccurswhentheideaexpressedinasubordinateclauseoraphraseseemsmoreimportantthantheideaexpressedinthemainclause.So,donotsubordinatethemoreimportantidea.Whereyouhavetwoideasandwanttosubordinateoneofthem,dobecarefulinmakingyourchoice.Thatis,donotsubordinateoneoftheideaswithoutthinkingthroughtheproblemanddecidingwhatyouwanttostress.Whatyouwanttostresswill,ofcourse,gointothemainclause.Subordination2)Donotusethewrongsubordinatingconjunctions.Poor:Shedrovelikesomeonewerechasingher.(asif/though)Likeshouldbeavoidedasasubordinatingconjunctioninwriting.Poor:Myfinalexams,whatIhavetotakenextweek,havemescared.(which)3)AvoidexcessivesubordinationExcessivesubordinationoccurswhentoomanysubordinateconjunctions,containingdetailsonlylooselyrelated,arestrungtogetherinasinglesentence.Theresultisnotawkwardbutconfusing.Acommonkindofexcessivesubordinationoccurswiththeuseofasuccessionofmodifyingwhichclauses.Useothermodifyingstructuretosimplifythesentence:SubordinationExcessivesubordination，e.g.Poor:Wewaitedtoheartheannouncement,whichwasscheduledfornoon,overtheintercom,whichhadspeakersinthehall,whichwecongregated(cametogetherinagroup)in.Revised:Wecongregatedinthehall,waitingtoheartheannouncementwhichwasscheduledfornoon,overtheintercom’sspeakers.SubordinationWaysofsubordinatingminorideas：e.g.Theywerecuriousabouttheirnewneighbors.TheJohnsonswentandvisitedthematthefirstopportunity.→Asthey…,the….→(finiteclause)Beingcuriousabout…,the…→(non-finite…)Curiousabout…,the…→(verbless…)Withcuriosity,the…→(phrase)Subordinators:Simple,complex,correlativeandmarginal1.Simple(One-wordSubordinator):after,although,as,because,before,directly,for,if,immediately,lest,like,once,since,that,though,till,unless,until,when(ever),where(ever),whereupon,while,whilst,etc.2.complex：assuming(that),butthat,considering(that),except(that),excepting(that),forallthat,given(that),granted(that),granting(that),inthat,inorderthat,insofarthat,intheeventthat,now(that),provided(that),savethat,seeing(that),so(that),suchthat,supposing(that),etc.accordingas,asfaras,aslongas,assoonas,forasmuchas,inasmuchas,insofaras,insomuchasSubordinators:3.correlative:as…as,as…so,barely/hardly/scarcely…when,more/(-er)/less…than,nosooner…than,notso…as,so…that,such…as,such…that,the…the,whether…or4.marginal:边际从属连词，指某些实际起着从属连词作用的随意结构：evenif,justas,onlyif,everytime(that),theinstant(that),themoment(that),duetothefactthat,forthereasonthat,byreasonthat,forfear(that),inspiteofthefactthat,inthelightofthefactthat,onaccountofthefactthat,ontheground(s)that,regardlessofthefactthat,inthesensethat,etc.正是这些从属连词确定着主句和从句的语义关系：1.Wearepreparedtomakecertainconcessions.2.Wefindithardtoputupwiththeloss.1)Although/Though/Eventhough/Whilewearepreparedtomakecertainconcessions,wefindithardtoputupwiththeloss.2)Wefindithardtoputupwiththeloss,but/stillwearepreparedto…3)Wearepreparedtomakecertainconcessions,but/stillwefindithardto…Airtrafficiscloselycontrolled.Flyingisrelativelysafe/unsafe.1.If/Providedthat/Incase/Assumingthatairtrafficiscloselycontrolled,flyingisrelativelysafe.(condition)2.Insomuchas/Owingtothefactthat/Totheextentthat/Insofaras/Inasfarasairtrafficiscloselycontrolled,flyingisrelativelysafe.(degree)3.Because/Since/Consideringthattrafficiscloselycontrolled,…(reason)4.When/Whenever/While/Oncetrafficiscloselycontrolled,…(time)5.Where/Wherevertrafficiscloselycontrolled,….(place)6.Unlesstrafficiscloselycontrolled,….(conditionnegative)7.Although/Eventhoughtrafficiscloselycontrolled,…(concession)8.Whetherornottrafficiscloselycontrolled,…(conditional，alternative)subordinateclausesStructurally,subordinateclausesmaybefinite,non-finite,orverbless.Finite↓nomina