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AS232REVIEWHowmuchFuelreservedoyouneedwhenflyingIFR?HowmuchFuelreservedoyouneedwhenflyingIFR?•Destinationplus45minutes•Ifanalternateisrequired,thentodestination,thentoalternate,plus45minutes.WhendoweneedanalternateunderIFR?WhendoweneedanalternateunderIFR?•NOIAPatdestinationairport-AlternateisrequiredregardlessofWX•WithIAPatdestination:1-2-3Rule•1Hourbeforeto1HourafterETA-Iflessthan2000ftCeilingOR3statutemilesVisibilityforecastDuringanIFRdeparturewithlowceilings,whendowecalldeparturecontrol?DuringanIFRdeparturewithlowceilings,whendowecalldeparturecontrol?•Wheninstructedtodosobythetower,•Ifthereisnotower,thenwhentimepermitsonceairborneWhenshouldmodeCbeturnedonwhileonanIFRflight?WhenshouldmodeCbeturnedonwhileonanIFRflight?•Atalltimes,unlessrequiredbyATCList3RestrictionsATCcanputonyourdeparturetime?List3RestrictionsATCcanputonyourdeparturetime?•ReleaseTime•HoldforRelease•ClearanceVoidTimeWhatisalwaysgivenwhenaCLEARANCELIMITisassigned?WhatisalwaysgivenwhenaCLEARANCELIMITisassigned?•EFCTime(expectfurtherclearancetime)WhatisaCruiseClearance?WhatisaCruiseClearance?•CanflyanyaltitudebetweenassignedcruiseandMEA•ClearedforanypublishedapproachatdestinationWhatisVFRONTop?WhatisVFRONTop?•AllowsapilottoflyVFRatVFRaltitudeswhilemaintaininghisIFRClearanceabovethecloudsWhatisCLIMBtoVFRONTop?WhatisCLIMBtoVFRONTop?•AllowsapilottodepartIFR(usuallytoafixsuchasaVOR)anduponreachingVFRconditions,toCanceltheIFRandcontinuetheflightVFRWhatisVFROVERtheTop?WhatisVFROVERtheTop?•NothingtodowithIFR,justaVFRpilotflyingontopofIMCconditions.Whataltimetersettingshouldwebeusingifabove18,000feet?Whataltimetersettingshouldwebeusingifabove18,000feet?•29.92inNorthAmericaforpressurealtitudeList2typesofDepartureProceduresList2typesofDepartureProcedures•ODP•SIDDepartureStandards•Criteria–U.S.StandardforTerminalInstrumentProcedures(TERPs)•200ft/nmisminimumclimbgradient•IFobstaclespenetrateaslopeof152ft/nm,beginningnohigherthan35feetabovethedepartureend,aminimumceilingand/orclimbgradientmayberequired.HowcanyoutellifatriangleisaCompulsoryreportingpoint?HowcanyoutellifatriangleisaCompulsoryreportingpoint?•ItisSolidWhataretheonly2thingsguaranteedattheMEA?Whataretheonly2thingsguaranteedattheMEA?•Obstructionclearance–1000feetinnon-mountainousarea-–2000feetifovermountainousterrain)•AcceptablenavigationsignalcoverageDefineMRADefineMRAMinimumReceptionAltitude•Minimumaltitudethatensuresnavigationalreceptionforoff-airwayNavaidDefineMOCADefineMOCAMinimumObstructionClearanceAltitude•Precededbyanasterisk,Thisaltitudemeetsobstacleclearancerequirementsandonlyensuresnavigationalsignalcoveragewithin22nmofthefacilityWhatisMCA?WhatisMCA?MinimumCrossingAltitude•ArequiredaltitudetochangefromalowerMEAtoahigherMEAtowardfastrisingterrainorobstructions.MAA?MAA?•MaximumAuthorizedAltitude•guaranteesyouwillonlyreceiveonenavigationalfacilityatatimebelowthisaltitude.List3ChangeoverPoints:List3ChangeoverPoints:•1.Changeoversymbol•2.Midpointofairway•3.WhereaCourseChangeoccurs(mileagebreakpoint)ListtheRequiredReports,AnytimeIFR?REQUIREDREPORTS14CFR91.183&91.187•UNFORECASTWEATHER•SAFETYOFFLIGHT•ALTITUDE&TIMEOVERREQUESTEDREPORTINGPOINTS•FAILUREOFNAVIGATION,APPROACH,ORCOMMUNICATIONEQUIPMENTINCONTROLLEDAIRSPACE14CFR91.187•MALFUNCTIONREPORT•WHOYOUARE•WHATBROKE•HOWITISAFFECTINGYOURIFRCAPABILITY•WHATHELPDOYOUNEEDFROMATC?SHOULDALWAYSREPORTWITHOUTREQUEST(AIM5-3-3)•VACATINGASSIGNEDALTITUDE•ALTITUDECHANGESWHENVFR-ON-TOP•CHANGEINTAS5%OR10KTS(WHICHEVERISGREATER)•UNABLETOCLIMB/DESCENDATLEAST500FPM•UPONREACHING/LEAVINGHOLDINGFIXORCLEARANCELIMIT•MISSEDAPPROACHAdditional“NonRadar”reportsWhatreportsareonlyrequiredinanon-radarenvironment?•POSITIONREPORTS(91.183a)•INBOUNDATFAFOROM•ETAERRORGREATERTHAN3MINPOSITIONREPORTAIM5-3-2d•IDENTIFICATION•POSITION•ALTITUDE•TIME•TYPEOFFLIGHTPLAN(FORFSS)•ETA&NAMEOFNEXTFIX•NAMEONLYOFFOLLOWINGFIX•SUPPLEMENTARYINFO(REMARKS)HOLDINGCLEARANCE•DIRECTIONTOHOLDFROMFIX(8CARDINALCOMPASSPOINTS)•HOLDINGFIX•COURSE(RADIAL,BEARING,AIRWAY)•DIRECTIONOFTURNS(IFLEFTTURNS)•LEGLENGTH(IFDMEORGPS)•EXPECTFURTHERCLEARANCETIMEListthe3holdentrytypes:Listthe3holdentrytypes•Teardrop•Parallel•DirectDirectEntry•180°sectorapproachingfix•FlytofixandturninappropriatedirectionFirstturnisalwaysinthedirectionoftheholdTeardropEntry•Turntoheading30°fromoutboundheading(LeftAdd/RightSubtract)•Maintainfor1minuteParallelEntry•Flyparalleltoinboundlegusingoutboundheadingonnon-holdingsidefor1minute•Re-interceptcoursefromholdingsideThe70°RulePTDStandardHolding70degreesectoronsamesideasdirectionofturnsinholdLookforOUTBOUNDHEADING(directionofholding)insectorWingtipreferencepoint(90degrees)(Fornon-standardholdingtheTeardropsectorwillbetotheleftandParalleltotheright)Whatisthemaxspeedforholding?Whatisthemaxspeedforholding?•Upto6000MSL,200KIAS•6001MSLto14000MSL,230KIAS•14001MSLandabove,265KIASWhatdirectionisastandardhold?Whatdirectionisastandardhold?•RightturnsarestandardListthefoursegmentsofanapproachchart:Listthefoursegmentsofanapproach•Initial•Intermediate•Final•MissedapproachWhatdoestheMSAshownonanapproachchartguarantee