从属结构一-L-31-Subordination

1Lecture4SUBORDINATION(I)从句（1）2Coordinationandsubordination并列和从属Subordinators从属连词Subordinateclauses(finite)限定从属从句NotesonAdverbialclauses状语从句小贴士Subordination从属3CoordinationandSubordinationSection14Theyaretwodevices手段forcombiningandrelating关联ideas.Thesearecommonlyusedtoconnectwords,phrases,clausesorsentencesinordertoestablishvarioussemanticrelationships语义关系.Generallyspeaking,coordinationestablishesarelationshipbetweenideasofapproximatelyequalimportance,whilesubordinationestablishesakindofrelationshipwhichindicatesthatoneideaismoreimportantthantheother.CoordinationandSubordination并列和从属5CoordinationandSubordination并列和从属Coordination（并列结构）equalimportance相同的重要性雨停了，太阳出来了。Therainstopped,andthesuncameout.Subordination（从属结构）oneideaismoreimportantthantheother句子内部重要性有高下雨停的时候，太阳出来了。Whentherainstopped,thesuncameout.6Whatissubordination?从属Subordinationmeansputtingagrammaticalunitinalowerrankorlessimportantposition.Words,phrases,andclausesthatmakeoneelementofasentencedependenton(orsubordinateto)another.Themanwithaguninhishandisamurderer.Themanwithaguninhishandisamurderer.Themanwhowasholdingaguninhishandisamurderer.Themanwhowasholdingaguninhishandisamurderer.7Waysofsubordinatingminorideas把次要思想置于从属地位的方法Itisageneralpracticetoputthemainideainthemainclause主句andtheminorideainadependentclause从句（=subordinateclause）.Therearevariouswaysofsubordinatingminorideas,whichmaybeexpressedbya–finiteclause限定从属分句or–non-finiteclause非限定从属分句or–verblessclause无动词分句.8Finiteclausesforshowingminorideas限定从属分句Beforeshecouldanswerthetelephone,itstoppedringing.Mainidea:itsoppedringing.Minoridea:beforeshecouldanswerthetelephone.出身于下层社会的大家庭的约翰，今年秋天考入了大学。John,whocomesfromalarge,lower-classfamily,enrolledincollegethisfall.9FiniteclausesforshowingminorideasA.我们准备做些让步。Wearepreparedtomakecertainconcessions.B.我们发现难以容忍损失。Wefindithardtoputupwiththeloss.EmphasizingIdeaAAlthough/Though/Eventhough/Whilewefindithardtoputupwiththeloss,wearepreparedtomakecertainconcessions.Finiteclausesforshowingminorideas限定从属分句10FiniteclausesforshowingminorideasA.我们准备做些让步。Wearepreparedtomakecertainconcessions.B.我们发现难以容忍损失。Wefindithardtoputupwiththeloss.EmphasizingIdeaBAlthough/Though/Eventhough/Whilewearepreparedtomakecertainconcessions,wefindithardtoputupwiththeloss.Finiteclausesforshowingminorideas限定从属分句11Non-finiteclausesforshowingminorideas非限定从属分句当你横过马路时，一定要小心。Whilecrossingthestreet,youmustbecareful.在显微镜下观察，刚飘下来的雪花呈精巧的六角形。Seenunderamicroscope,afreshsnowflakehasadelicatesix-pointedshape.我据顶不打电话而是写信。Idecidetowriteratherthan(to)telephone.12Verblessclausesforshowingminorideas无动词分句如果有必要，我立刻就来。Ifnecessary,I’llcomeatonce.Mainidea:theJohnsonswentandvisitedthematthefirstopportunityMinoridea:(theJohnsonswere)curiousabouttheirneighbors.Curiousabouttheirneighbors,theJohnsonswentandvisitedthematthefirstopportunity.13PrepositionalPhrases介词短语forshowingminorideasIfthespeakerwantstofurtherminimizetheimportanceoftheminoridea,hecanevenputitinaphrase,chieflyaprepositionalphrase,eg:Withcuriosity,theJohnsonswentandvisitedtheirnewneighborsatthefirstopportunity.14SubordinatorsSection215Subordinators从属连词Subordinateclausesaregenerallyintroducedbysubordinators,which,intermsofwordformation构词法,canbeclassifiedintosimplesubordinators,简单从属连词complexsubordinators,复杂从属连词correlativesubordinators,关联从属连词marginalsubordinators.边际从属连词16Simplesubordinator简单从属连词afteralthoughbecausebeforedirectlyforifimmediatelylestlikesincethatthoughtillunlessuntilwhen(ever)where(ver)whereuponwhilewhilst,etcAlsoknownasone-wordsubordinators17Complexsubordinators复杂从属连词Alsoknownas“multi-wordsubordinators”Someoftheseendin“that”•assumingthat•butthat•considering(that)•except(that)•excepting(that)•forall(that)•given(that)•granted(that)•granting(that)•inthat•inorderthat•insofarthat•intheeventthat•now(that)•provided(that)•providing(that)•savethat•seeing(that)•so(that)•suchthat•supposing(that)18Complexsubordinators复杂从属连词Someoftheseendin“as”•accordingas•asfaras•aslongas•assoonas•forasmuchas•inasmuchas•insofaras•insomuchasOthersinclude:•asif•incase•asthough19Correlativesubordinators关联从属连词Subordinatorsofthisgrouparecomposedoftwocorrelativewords•as…as•as…so•notso…as•such…as•the…the,etc•barely/hardly/scarcely…when•more/(-er)/less…than•nosooner…than•whether…or20Marginalsubordinators边际从属连词freelexicalcombinations.Thisgroupissometimeshardtodistinguishfromcomplexsubordinators.•evenif•ifonly•justas•onlyif•everytime(that)•theinstant(that)•themoment(that)•duetothefactthat•inthesensethat•forthereasonthat•byreasonthat•forfear(that)•inspiteofthefactthat•inthelightofthefactthat•onaccountofthefactthat•onthegroundsthat•regardlessofthefactthat21Subordinateclauses(finite)限定从属从句Section322Subordinateclauses(finite)限定从属从句Structurally,subordinateclausesmaybefinite,non-finite,orverbless.Afinitesubordinateclauseisonewhosepredicatorisafiniteverbphrase.Nominalclauses(名词性分句，主/宾/补/同位)Relativeclauses(关系分句，定语从句)Adverbialclauses(状语分句，状语)23Nominalclauses名词性分句Alsoknownas“nounclauses”ItcanperformmostfunctionsofNPsUsuallyi