2第2章色度学原理与CIE标准色度学系统2PrologueThisisthestoryofMisterChromewhostartedouttopainthishome.Thepaintranoutwhenhalfawaythroughsotothestorehequicklyflewtobuysomemoreofmatchinghue,adelicateshadeofegg-shellblue.Butwhenhetriedthislatestbatch,hefounditsimplydidn’tmatch.Nowonderhewasinafix,forofthecolorswecanmix,themajorshadesandthosebetween,tenmilliondifferentcanbeseen.2Youfoolishman,saidMissisChrome,youshouldhavetakenfromthehomeasimpleofthecolordone;youcan’tremembereveryone.Takingcarethatshehadgotasamplefromtheearlypot,shewentandboughtherhusbandmoreofbettercolorfromthestore.Beforeshepaid,shecheckedtheshade,andfoundaperfectmatchitmade.Intriumphnowshetookithome,andgaveitstraighttoMisterChrome.Heputitonwithoutdelay,andfoundthecolornowokey.2But,afterdark,intungstenlight,theyfoundthecolorstillnotright.Sotothestoretheybothwentnow,withsamplesclear,andaskedthemhowapaintthatmatchedindaylightbrightcouldfailtomatchintungstenlight.Theman’sreplytotheircomplaintwasthatthepigmentsinthepainthadbeenexchanged,sincetheyhadbought,forothersofadifferentsort.Tosolvetheproblemontheirwall,hegavethempainttodoitallfromjustonebatchofconstantshade,andthenatlastsuccesswasmade.2Tocompensatethemfortheirtrouble,thestoresenttothemcurtainsdouble.Theyhungthemupwithgreatdelight;theymatchedintungstenanddaylight.Aneighborthendidmakeacallandfixedhiseyeuponthewall;thepaint,hesaidwasallonecolor,butclearlysawthecurtainsduller!Thoughcolorsstrangeattimesappear,themoralofthistaleisclear:tounderstandjustwhatwesee,object,light,andeye,allthree,mustcolorallourthinkingthroughofchromicproblems,oldornew!22.1色度学实验依据2.1.1颜色匹配实验颜色转盘2颜色光的匹配实验22.1.2同颜色光亮度的相加设有三个不同颜色的色光:P*、Q*、R*相应色的单位量值:[P]、[Q]、[R]p、q、r分别为颜色P*、Q*、R*的强度。调出[P]/Lp、[Q]/Lq、[R]/Lr,使这些光亮度相等。Lp、Lq、Lr即为单位颜色[P]、[Q]、[R]的光亮度比值。选择光亮度单位,则Lp、Lq、Lr为[P]、[Q]、[R]各单位颜色的光亮度值。因此,Lp、Lq、Lr是单位颜色[P]、[Q]、[R]的光亮度系数。22.1.2同颜色光亮度的相加p[P]、q[Q]两色混合,与r[R]光亮度比较实验证明:当p、q、r满足下列数值关系时,被比较的两光亮度相等。pLp+qLq=rLr(2-1)物理意义:不论颜色的成分如何,各种颜色重叠的光亮度是可以相加的。22.2颜色的数学表示2.2.1色三角形色度匹配:色光相同的颜色和亮度色度:色光的颜色和亮度的统称B*G*R*rbgB*G*R*rbg色坐标:(r,g。b)22.2.2颜色方程三原色R*、G*、B*、任意色C*看成是色向量,相应的单位向量[R]、[G]、[B]以及[C]。R*=R[R]、G*=G[G]、B*=B[B]、C*=C[C]当颜色C*与R[R]、G[G]、B[B]混合视觉上匹配时,则可写出颜色方程:C[C]=R[R]+G[G]+B[B](2-2)此时称R、G、B为颜色C*的三刺激值。2色光匹配:RedGreenBluenm700546.1435.822.2.2颜色方程在颜色转盘实验中,如果被匹配的颜色(转盘中心)很饱和,那么用红、绿、蓝三原色可能实现不了匹配。在这种情况下,如图2-1(b)所示匹配。颜色匹配方程:C[C]+B[B]=R[R]+G[G]可写成:C[C]=R[R]+G[G]-B[B](2-3)2颜色转盘2thesensitivitycurvesofthethreetypesofcone2•等能白:SERedGreenBlueMixturecd/m21.00004.59070.06915.65081Redunit=[R]=1.0000cd/m2;1Greenunit=[G]=4.5907cd/m2;1Blueunit=[B]=0.0691cd/m2.βγρ100[B]produce:10054100[G]produce:010075100[R]produce:001002Tomatch1powerunitof500nmβγρ1unitof500nmproduces20402020[B]2010.839[G]03929.220[B]+39[G]=2040301unitof500nmproduces20402010ofRproduces00101[500nm]+10[R]=2040301[500nm]+10[R]ismatchedby39[G]+20[B]1[500nm]=-10[R]+39[G]+20[B]1[600nm]=95[R]+30[G]+0[B]1[500nm]+1[600nm]=85[R]+69[G]+20[B]22.2.2颜色方程在颜色科学中,我们不直接用三刺激值R、G、B来表示颜色,而用三原色各自占R+G+B总量的相对比值表示颜色。色度坐标:三原色各自占R+G+B总量的相对比值。对颜色C*而言,其色度坐标为:r=R/(R+G+B)g=G/(R+G+B)b=B/(R+G+B)颜色C*的单位值:[C]=r[R]+g[G]+b[B]则颜色C*的色量C:C=R+G+B。2白色的单位向量[W]令[W]=(1/3)[R]+(1/3)[G]+(1/3)[B][W]色度坐标:r=1/3、g=1/3、b=1/3相应[R]、[G]、[B]的相对光亮度值:L[R]=1.0000、L[G]=4.5907、L[B]=0.0691,从而颜色C*的单位光亮度为L[C]=rL[R]+gL[G]+bL[B]若已知颜色C*的光亮度为L,并且测量得颜色C*的r、g、b值,则颜色C*的色量为C=L/L[C]=L/(rL[R]+gL[G]+bL[B])22.3色度相加原理根据格拉斯曼配色混合的代替律,如果色光A*=色光B*,色光C*=色光D*,则A*+C*=B*+D*。此式说明色光相加符合数学上的向量加法法则。22.3色度相加原理2色光混合:设色光C1[C1]C2[C2]三刺激值:R1、G1、B1R2、G2、B2色度坐标:r1、g1、b1r2、g2、b2经过色光混合后色光为C12[C12],则颜色C12[C12]为C12[C12]=C1[C1]+C2[C2]=R1[R]+G1[G]+B1[B]+R2[R]+G2[G]+B2[B]=(R1+R2)[R]+(G1+G2)[G]+(B1+B2)[B]=(C1r1+C2r2)[R]+(C1g1+C2g2)[G]+(C1b1+C2b2)[B]2所以C12=C1(r1+g1+b1)+C2(r2+g2+b2)=C1+C2212211122122111221221112CCbCbCbCCgCgCgCCrCrCr,,这就是说,在色三角形坐标中两色混合的色度,相当于C1*、C2*两色依其色量C1、C2而形成的重心点。2n个不同色颜色相混合则其色度坐标应为:CrCCCCrCrCrCrn1iin1iiin21nn2211CgCCCCgCgCgCgn1iin1iiin21nn2211CbCCCCbCbCbCbn1iin1iiin21nn221122.4色谱图实验中采用:光谱色+适当的白光例:C500*=C1[C1]=W1[W]+Co*,Co*=G1[G]+B1[B],因而有:C1[C]+W1[W]=G1[G]+B1[B]B*G*R*C500*W*Co*B*G*R*C500*W*Co*确定R*、G*、B*,与各种不同波长的单色光的颜色相匹配,从而得出各光谱单色光相对于选定三原色的色度值。光谱色是最纯的,想用三原色混合得到是不可能的。2C1[C]+W1[W]=G1[G]+B1[B]式改写为C500*=C1[C1]=G1[G]+B1[B]-W1[W]=G1[G]+B1[B]–W1{(1/3)[R]+(1/3)[G]+(1/3)[B]}=(–W1/3)[R]+(G1–W1/3)[G]+(B1–W1/3)[B]光谱色C500*相应的色度坐标r1、g1、b1为。,,11111111111111111WBG3/WBbWBG3/WGgWBG3/Wr由于分母中有负号,因此r1、g1、b1不但可以为负值,而且它的绝对值不限于0到1范围,有可能大于1。2光谱色的色度坐标轨迹根据色相加原理,显然任何现实颜色的色度坐标必然都在光谱轨迹与长、短波两端点连线所构成的范围之内。由此所构成的图谱称为色谱图。W*540600580510400700480500490530520W*540600580510400700480500490530520色谱图22.5光谱三刺激值如果已知色光E的光谱功率分布,怎样来确定它的三刺激值及色度坐标呢?设:光谱功率分布为E(),光谱色的色度坐标r()、g()、b()。首先找出单色光E()d的色量值dC(),单色光E()d的亮度:kV()E()d,其对应的C值dC():dC()=kV()E()d/[r()L[R]+g()L[G]+b()L[B]]22.5光谱三刺激值再由式(2-10)得色光E的色度坐标为:rE=[r()dC()]/[dC()],gE=[g()dC()]/[dC()],bE=[b()dC()]/[dC()]或写成:dL)(bL)(gL)(r)(E)(kV)(rdr]B[]G[]R[EdL)(bL)(gL)(r)(E)(kV)(gdg]B[]G[]R[EdL)(bL)(gL)(r)(E)(kV)(bdb]B[]G[]R[E2对于任一色光,只要测得它的光谱功率分布,就能计算求得这一色光的色度坐标。]L)(bL)(gL)(r/