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突发事件应对之地雷及爆炸物Emergencyreaction，minesandIED地雷PURPOSE目的Toincreaseindividualunderstandingofthemineandunexplodedordnance(UXO)threatanddevelopcountermineskillsinordertoprotecttheforcewhileconductingalloperations.提高关于地雷和未爆军火(UXO)的了解，增加我们在工作中的应对能力TRAININGOBJECTIVES训练目标KNOWTHETYPESANDMECHANISEMSFOREXPOLOSIVEDEVICES了解爆炸物的机理和类型KNOWTHEINDICATORSOFMINESANDBOOBYTRAPS了解地雷和陷阱的指示STEPSTOTAKEWHENYOUENCOUNTERAMINEORUXO遭遇地雷和未爆物的反应步骤HAZARDIDENTIFICATION危害认识:-1MILLIONMINES一百万颗地雷RISKMANAGEMENT&REDUCTION风险管理&降低:EXTREMELYHIGH非常高HAZARD危害CONTROLS控制ONEMILLIONUNCLEAREDMINES一百万颗未清除地雷•STAYONAPPROVEDROUTES只走经过确认的路线•STOP,AVOID,REPORT,MARK停下，避开，报告，标志•SITUATIONALAWARENESS环境意识•LANDNAVIGATION导航•DEVELOPMINESENSE发展发现地雷的直觉RISKMANAGEMENTSCHEME风险管理计划受到地雷影响的国家Whathappenstoalegwhensomeonestepsonalandmine.踩到地雷后7.Resultsofsteppingonalandmine.踩到地雷后8Iraq伊拉克About48,000-68,000SurvivorsofERW大约48000-68000幸存者2011atlest141newcasualties(KurdistanandNorthrenIraq)-Only2weresecurityforces在2011年有141个伤员，只有2人是安全部队成员Thisisanincreasefrom2010比2010年上升Since19918000casualtiesfromclustermunitions1991年以来，8000名伤员是被集束弹药炸伤MineWarfare地雷战Differentthanotherweaponssystems区别于其他武器系统Targetcomestotheweapon目标找上武器Weaponssystemactivated(planted)withoutaspecifictargetdetected.武器激发不需要探测目标Don’thavetobethereforittowork.武器必需在现场CanbecrudeandstillbeVERYeffective武器可以很糙但不影响效能Requiresadvancedplanning武器需要提前布置12MINETYPES类型ANTI-PERSONNEL-DESIGNEDTOKILLORMAIMDISMOUNTEDTROOPS反步兵雷：用来杀死或致残徒步人员ANTI-TANK-DESIGNEDTODESTROYORDISABLETRACKORWHEELEDVEHICLES反坦克类：用来对付履带或轮式车辆，摧毁或使之丧失行动能力MineComponents结构FiringMechanism击发装置Detonator雷管Booster发火药Maincharge主爆药Safety/armingmechanism保险装置Casing/body外壳FUZETYPES引信类型PRESSURE(Mechanical)压发（机械）OVERPRESSURE/DELAY松发（延时）SEISMIC震动击发MAGNETIC磁力击发CHEMICAL化学击发TRIPWIRE(PUSH/PULL)拌线（推/拉）COMMANDDETONATED指令击发Design设计Useaslittlemetalaspossible,tomakelocationbymetaldetectorsmoredifficult.尽量少用金属，减少被探测出来的可能Minesmademostlyfromplasticarealsoverycheaptoproduce大量使用塑料，非常便宜AntiPersonnelMines反步兵雷Intendedtoinjureandnottokill(exceptions)故意致伤而不致死（意外）2-50gexplosives2-50克装药Needpressureof5-20kg需要5-20公斤压力引发Differentblastoptions不同的爆炸选择视频：..\Movies\Antipersonal.wmvAntiPersonnelMines反步兵雷AntiPersonnelMines反步兵雷..\Movies\anothergermaninventionforthegoodofhumanity.wmvBooby-trap诡雷Anti-TankMines反坦克雷Purpose:stopatank目的：致停坦克Standardmine-7-10kg标准雷：7-10公斤Needpressureof100-300kg需要：100-300公斤触发Anti-TankMines反坦克雷视频Blast爆炸Penetration射穿TiltRod触杆OffRoute路边Anti-TankMines反坦克雷Blast爆炸•DAMAGESVEHICLESDUETOBLAST•通过爆炸来损害车辆•SOMEFRAGMENTATIONMAYOCCUR•会产生碎片Anti-TankMines反坦克雷视频Anti-TankMines反坦克雷Penetration射穿ASHAPECHARGEPENETRATESTHETARGET空心装药战斗部穿透目标Anti-TankMines反坦克雷TiltRod触杆Anti-TankMines反坦克雷..\Movies\Antitank.wmvOFF-ROUTEMINES路边雷FIREDEITHERBYTRIPWIREORORCOMMANDDETONATED由拌线击发或指令击发ACTIONSUPONDETECTION发现地雷后的行动STOP停下AVOID避开REPORT报告MARK(?)标志CONTINUEMISSION?是否继续？ExampleforMineEmployment布雷样式AT(FullWidth)Minefields反坦克雷区（全宽）9-12M20-40MVISUALDETECTION目测SURFACELAIDMINESAREUSUALLYVISIBLE路面布置的地雷通常可以看到SIGNSOFROADREPAIR(NEWFILL,PAVING,ROADPATCHES,DITCHINGORCULVERTWORK)路面被动过（新填土、铺过、路面补丁、挖沟或涵洞）WIRESLEADINGAWAYFROMTHEROAD有线拉出道路ODDFEATURESORPATTERNS奇怪的现象PIECESORWOODORDEBRISONROAD.路上有碎屑或木头SIGNSTREES,POSTSORSTAKES.树上有标记，标杆或木桩DAMAGEDVEHICLESORDEADANIMALS.损坏的车辆或动物尸体LIKELYLOCATIONSFORMINESANDBOOBYTRAPS可能布雷或设陷阱的地点MOUNTAINPASSESANDNARROWROADSWITHNOSHOULDERSORBYPASSES山垭口和没有路肩的窄路OLDCHECKPOINTSANDBATTLEFIELDS旧的检查站或旧战场ALONGOBSTACLEBYPASSES路障旁边OBVIOUSRESTAREAS/CLEARINGSALONGROADS明显的休息区，经过清扫的路边ABANDONEDBUILDINGSANDSTRUCTURES废弃的建筑物ABANDONEDWEAPONSANDTRINKETSATTRACTIVETOSOUVENIRHUNTERS丢弃的武器，吸引人的，值得收藏的小玩意儿OTHERDETECTIONMETHODS其他探测方法LOCALCIVILIANSMAYKNOWWHEREMINESANDBOOBYTRAPSARELOCATEDINTHEAO.本地人可能会了解哪里埋雷或有陷阱LOCALMILITIAFORCESMAYBEABLETOPROVIDEASSISTANCEINLOCATINGTACTICALMINEFIELDS.本地的武装组织或许能提供关于雷区的帮助LOCALLYKNOWNMARKINGSYSTEMS(ROCKPILES,BROKENBRANCHESONTREES,CROSSEDSTICKSONROADS)本地人了解关于雷区或埋雷的记号（石头堆、树上的断枝、路上交叉的树枝）LESSONSLEARNED经验ATTACHTOWCABLETOTHEBACKOFVEHICLESTOEASEEXTRACTIONOFCASUALTIESANDDISABLEDVEHICLES预备拖车缆绳可以拖拽车辆和帮助伤员LEADCONVOYSWITHAHARDENEDORMINERESISTANTVEHICLE头车要坚固或具备抗雷性能TIEDOWNEQUIPMENTINTHEVEHICLE车内设备绑紧SMALLUNITMETHODSTODECREASEVULNERABILITYTO小规模单位如何降低脆弱性CHECKWITHHIGHERTOCONFIRMROUTEISCLEAREDBEFOREMOVING出发前同上级确认路线已经清理过了AVOIDPREDICTABILITY避免形成行动惯性SANDBAGANDHARDENSOFTSKINVEHICLES加强车辆外壳，比如加装沙袋MINESTRIKE触雷IFAVEHICLEINACONVOYONAPREVIOUSLYCLEAREDROUTESTRIKESAMINE,ALLOTHERVEHICLESINTHECONVOYIMMEDIATELYSTOP.当车队中的一辆车在一条曾经清理过的道路上触雷，所有其他车辆要马上停下。MOVINGOFFTHEROADORTOWARDSTHESHOULDERS(HERRINGBONE)COULDEXPOSEMOREVEHICLESTOMINES.驶离道路或开到路肩会导致更多车辆触雷SECURITYISPROVIDEDBYMAINTAININGVEHICLESPACING保持车间距DISMOUNTEDMOVEMENTSHOULDBERESTRICTEDUNTILAPATHTOTHEDISABLEDVEHICLEISCLEAREDANDMARKED.除非道路得到清理并做好地雷标志，所有人不应下车走动MINEAWARENESSTACTICALHINT地雷意识及策略提示REGARDLESSOFTHEARMOREDVEHICLE,WHENTHEMINETHREATISHIGHERTHANTHEDIRECTFIRETHREAT,KEEPYOURHATCHES“CRACKED”OPENANINCHORTWO.THATWAY,IFYOUDRIVEOVERAMINE,THEOVERPRESSUREFROMTHEEXPLOSIONWILLHAVEANESCAPEIFTHEHULLISPENETRATED.如果地雷的威胁大于直接火力威胁，不建议使用装甲车辆。车辆窗户打开一两