英文IE知识

2002/9/26SMTTrainingforProductivity1IndustrialEngineering:WorkDesignPreparedbyKenLeung2002/9/26SMTTrainingforProductivity2WorkDesignMethodsImprovementErgonomicsAssemblylinebalancingPrinciplesofmotioneconomyVarioustypeofchartsWorkmeasurementTimestudyActivitysampling2002/9/26SMTTrainingforProductivity3ErgonomicsDefinitionApplyinformationabouthumanbehavior,abilities,limitations,andothercharacteristicstothedesignoftools,machines,system,tasks,jobs,andenvironmentsforproductive,safe,comfortable,andeffectivehumanuse.2002/9/26SMTTrainingforProductivity4ObjectivesToenhancetheworkeffectivenessandefficiency.IncreasedconvenienceofuseReducederrorsIncreasedproductivityToenhancehumanvalues.ImprovedsafetyReducedfatigueandstressIncreasedcomfortGreateruseracceptanceIncreasedjobsatisfactionImprovedqualityoflife2002/9/26SMTTrainingforProductivity5TwelvePrinciplesofErgonomics1.Workinneutralpostures-eg.Wristrestsforkeyboardandmouse.2.Reduceexcessiveforces-eg.Boxeswithhandholdsforcarrying.2002/9/26SMTTrainingforProductivity6ErgonomicsPrinciples3.Keepeverythingineasyreach-eg.Keepmaterialswithinthe“reachenvelope”ofthearm.2002/9/26SMTTrainingforProductivity7ErgonomicsPrinciples4.Workatproperheights-eg.Heavyworkshouldbeperformedlowerthanelbowheight;precisionworkshouldbehigher.2002/9/26SMTTrainingforProductivity8ErgonomicsPrinciples5.Reduceexcessivemotions-eg.Usepowerscrewdriver.6.Minimizestaticload-eg.Useapencilgrip.2002/9/26SMTTrainingforProductivity9ErgonomicsPrinciples7.Minimizepressurepoints-eg.Providepaddingforhandgrips.8.Provideclearance-eg.Providevisualaccess(cartondelivery).2002/9/26SMTTrainingforProductivity10ErgonomicsPrinciples9.Move,exercise,andstretch-eg.Changeadjustmentsofthechairforthosesitforalongtime.10.Maintainacomfortableenvironment-eg.Considerthequantityandqualityoflightattheworkstation.2002/9/26SMTTrainingforProductivity11ErgonomicsPrinciples11.Makedisplaysandcontrolsunderstandable-eg.Clickingiseasierthanmemorizingcommands.12.Reducestress-eg.Designtasktofitpeople.2002/9/26SMTTrainingforProductivity12AnthropometryDefinitionMeasurementofthehumanbodyanditsbiomechanicalcharacteristics.Biomechanicalreferstothemechanical(machine-like)capabilitiesofthehumanskeleton-muscularsystems.Measuresoursizesandhowwemoveandmoveeasily.NeedofAnthropometryWearenotinthesamesize.Poordesignformechanicalabilitiesofthehumanbodycanleadtodiscomfortorinjury.Eg.Heightofkeyboardforacomputer.2002/9/26SMTTrainingforProductivity13AnthropometricDataStaticmeasures–areusedtodeterminesizeandspacingrequirementsofworkspace,eg.,height,weight,seattoelbowheight,andwingspan.Dynamicmeasures–areusedtomatchthedynamiccharacteristicsofcontrolstouser,eg.,rangeofmotionforvariousjoints,andstrengthoffingers.2002/9/26SMTTrainingforProductivity14AnthropometricDataTheanthropometricdataisperformedinnormaldistribution.50thpercentileisthemostofthepopulation.5thand95thpercentilesaretheextremes.2002/9/26SMTTrainingforProductivity15HowtouseanthropometricdataDesignforextremesAstandardistodesigntofit5thor95thpercentilesofthepopulation.Designformostofthepopulation50thpercentileofthepopulationshouldbeused.MakethedesignadjustableThedesigncanfit5thto95thpercentilesofthepopulation.2002/9/26SMTTrainingforProductivity16ExamplesDesignaimsDesignexamples:Examplesofmeasurementstoconsider:Usersthatthedesignshouldaccommodate:EasyreachShelvingArmlength,shoulderheightSmallestuser:5thpercentileAdequateclearancetoavoidunwantedcontactortrappingCinemaseatsShoulderorhipwidth,thighlengthLargestuser:95thpercentileAcomfortableandsafepostureWorksurfaceheightsElbowheight,sittingeyeheight,elbowheight(sittingorstanding)Mostoftheusers:50thpercentileSpecialfittingHeadphonesHeadcircumferenceMaximumrange:5thto95thpercentile(adjustabledesign)2002/9/26SMTTrainingforProductivity17AssemblyLineBalancingEqualizeworkloadamongtheassemblies.Identifythebottleneckoperation.Establishthespeedoftheassemblyline.Determinethenumberofworkstations.Determinethelaborcostofassembly.Establishthepercentworkloadofeachoperator.Assistinplantlayout.Reduceproductioncost.2002/9/26SMTTrainingforProductivity18TableforAssemblyLineBalancingNo.OperationR-ValueCycletime#stationsAvg.cycletime%LoadHrs/1000Pcs./hrA1Sub-assembly0.2160.2110.211003.5285A2Assembly0.2160.44130.1477010.595•Majoritems:operationdescription,R-value,cycletime,numberofstations,averagecycletime,percentload,hoursper1000pieces,andnumberofpiecesperhour.•Anexampleisasfollows.12345672002/9/26SMTTrainingforProductivity19ItemsforAssemblyLineBalancingTableR-value(plantrate):-Takttimeortimeneededtoproduceaproduct.-=effectiveproductiontime/requiredproductionvolume.Cycletime:-Standardtimeforoperation.-Collectedfromtimestudy.#stations:-=Cycletime/R-valueAveragecycletime:-=Cycletime/#stations12342002/9/26SMTTrainingforProductivity20ItemsforAssemblyLineBalancingTable%Load:-Tellhowbusyeachworkstationiscomparedtothebusiestworkstation.-%Load=Avg.cycletime/highestavg.cycletime.-Highestavg.cycletime(100%station)isthebottleneck.-100%stationisreduc