4-1流程图6σ绿带训练—基础篇(二)HoneywellInternationalInc.4-2学习目标•学习如何应用流程图改善流程•概述流程图的用法•学习如何按部就班地绘制流程图•〈上层流程图〉及〈具体流程图〉的差异•完成绘制流程图的练习•复习流程图的范列4-3流程绘图应该描述:−主要活动/工作−子流程−流程范围(顶层与具体)−流程投入X−流程产出Y−流程步骤产出y应该常常检查并更新所绘制的流程图yfxxxk=(,,...,)124-4何谓流程图?流程图是一个活的文件需随时修正,以符合任何特定流程的特殊需求。以图表的方式记录一个流程的动向并将展示出来,记录了流程之每一步骤、输入x及输出y以及改善的机会。TypicalOrderFulfillmentProcessCustomerPlacesOrderSendordertowarehouseforpickingIsordercorrect?NoYesCallCustomerandmakecorrections.IsProductAvailable?NoYesPickproductfororderDoesCustomerhaveothershipments?YesNoWillproductbeavailablebeforeorderships?YesPlaceorderonholduntilproductavailableCancelOrderNoIsproductionscheduledtomanufactureproduct?Canproductionmanufactureproductintimeforshipping?NoYesNoWillCustomeracceptbackorders?YesExpeditemanufacturingscheduleNoShipOrderYesWillCustomerallowconsolidatedshipments?YesNoConsolidateOrdersCustomerReceivesOrderOrderEntryWarehousingSalesManufacturingTransportation4-5流程图是分层的上层流程图•主要用途─找出重要的特性或流程•通常着重在产品的流程顺序•按部就班的线性流程为其特性•遵循流程顺序,但对新手而言,缺乏足够的细节供其完成任务。具体流程图•主要用途─了解流程运作和决策点的细节•通常著重在工作区的一、二个流程•常用来作为工作指导•可发展成FMEA及控制计划•特性为围绕的决策途径•按照流程图应可成功地完成任务细部流程图可能仍有很多层4-6流程图有许多用途1.为〈现状〉提供细致的描述,以利讨论及构通。2.定义并突现流程中需要改善的地方,也许是减少无价值的步骤或增加需要的步骤,其取决于流程的特定结果。3.把幕后的工厂文件化。流程图可以应用在任何生产实践中:制造、设计、服务或行政管理。4-7切记,建构流程图的第一步,先要有一个定义明确的问题陈述确认管理部门提出了一个定义明确的问题可以通过提出5个为什么,以使问题描述更加精确,但最后由管理部门对问题进行明确的定义。4-8AD-SPAirDryerBodyAssemblyInputOutput(BigY’s)AssemblyLaborProceduresMaterialsEquipment,FixturesEnvironmentCleanlinessReworkParttoPrintPerformancetoSpecVisuallyacceptableLeakfreeIdentifiedCleanPackagedforuseConsistentstandard先列出上层流程图针对有疑问的流程列出主要投入变数及客户结果,并找出可能的关系。4-9找出小范围内流程步骤LabelBody2InsertSpirolPin3AssemblePistons4AssembleCover5Station1BodyAssemblyAD-SPAirDryerPaperwork1Test67Stores为何有一个菱形步骤?4-10绘制检验点─结论•以决策式的菱形符号标示。•决策式的菱型符号必须提出问题─无例外─需与分支路径一致。•每一个检验点都須基于客观标准,决定决策应通过或失败。•检验会使流程转向、重作或报废。•较适用于具体、客观的问题。6Test销的位置是否正确?O形环是否适当地作用?盖子是否正确地对齐?4-11列出每个步骤的产出变数(小y)(流程和产品)2InsertSpirolPin3AssemblePistons4AssembleCover5AD-SPAirDryerBodyAssemblyPaperwork17RouteTicketOrientationLabeladhesionGreasedOringScrewpositionadj.Flushw/surfaceLabelBodyOringpositionCoverorientationSnapringinsertedStoresFunctionalAssemblyReworkIsthepinseatedcorrectly?DoestheOringfunctionproperly?Isthecoveralignedcorrectly?小y及大Y间之相关性如何?如果没关系呢?Test64-12列出每个流程步骤的投入(x)2InsertSpirolPin3AssemblePistons4AssembleCover5AD-SPAirDryerBodyAssemblyPaperwork17RouteTicketOrientationLabeladhesionGreasedOringScrewpositionadj.Flushw/surfaceLabelBodyOringpositionCoverorientationSnapringinsertedStoresFunctionalAssemblyReworkBillsofmaterialsISOProceduresCleanlinessMaterialPressForceMaterialAssyTechniqueAmountofGreaseMaterialAssytechniqueAdjustmentPos.SnapRingInsertionMaterialTestCapabilityCalibrationTest6Isthepinseatedcorrectly?DoestheOringfunctionproperly?Isthecoveralignedcorrectly?小x如何与大Y和小y形成关系?4-13以干扰、标准作业程序、可控制与关键投入来说明输入X关键投入N干扰S标准作业程序C可控制投入SBillsofmaterialsSISOProceduresSCleanlinessCMaterialXPressForceCMaterialSAssyTechniqueCAmountofGreaseCMaterialSAssytechniqueNAdjustmentPos.CSnapRingCInsertionCMaterialXTestCapabilitySCalibration2InsertSpirolPin3AssemblePistons4AssembleCover5AD-SPAirDryerBodyAssemblyPaperwork17RouteTicketOrientationLabeladhesionGreasedOringScrewpositionadj.Flushw/surfaceLabelBodyOringpositionCoverorientationSnapringinsertedStoresFunctionalAssemblyReworkTest6Isthepinseatedcorrectly?DoestheOringfunctionproperly?Isthecoveralignedcorrectly?4-14流程投入变数•干扰因子(N):会影响关键流程结果(KPOV)的投入变数,但难以或无法控制。如环境变数(湿度、温度等)•标准作业程序(SOP):执行此流程的标准程序•可控制投入变数:可改变关键流程投入变数,並看出其对关键流程结果的影响。有时亦称为〈调整〉变数•关键投入变数:统计上显示,关键流程投入变数对关键流程结果的变化有重要的影响干扰标准作业程序可控制投入关键投入4-15为可控制的关键投入变数加上操作规格及流程目标2InsertSpirolPin3AssemblePistons4AssembleCover5Paperwork17RouteTicketOrientationLabeladhesionGreasedOringScrewpositionadj.Flushw/surfaceLabelBodyOringpositionCoverorientationSnapringinsertedStoresFunctionalAssemblyReworkAD-SPAirDryerBodyAssemblyTest6Isthepinseatedcorrectly?DoestheOringfunctionproperly?Isthecoveralignedcorrectly?X关键投入N干扰S标准作业程序C可控制投入SBillsofmaterialsSISOProceduresSCleanlinessCMaterialXPressForceCMaterialSAssyTechniqueCAmountofGreaseCMaterialSAssytechniqueNAdjustmentPos.CSnapRingCInsertionCMaterialXTestCapabilitySCalibrationControllableInputVariableTargetUpperSpecLowerSpecPressForce10lbs12lbs8lbsAmountofGrease2cc抯1.5cc抯2.5cc抯Adj.Pos抧3turns3.5turns2.5turns4-16ControllableInputVariableTargetUpperSpecLowerSpecPressForce10lbs12lbs8lbsAmountofGrease2cc抯1.5cc抯2.5cc抯Adj.Pos抧3turns3.5turns2.5turns确认每个步骤是否有附加价值有附加价值无附加价值AD-SPAirDryerBodyAssemblyLabelBody2InsertSpirolPin3AssemblePistons4AssembleCover5Paperwork11FunctionalAssemblyReworkRouteTicketOrientationLabeladhesionGreasedOringScrewpositionadj.Flushw/surfaceOringpositionCoverorientationSnapringinsertedTest6Isthepinseatedcorrectly?DoestheOringfunctionproperly?Isthecoveralignedcorrectly?SBillsofmaterialsSISOProceduresSCleanlinessCMaterialXPressForceCMaterialSAssyTechniqueCAmountofGreaseCMaterialSAssytechniqueNAdjustmentPos.CSnapRingCInsertionCMaterialXTestCapabilitySCalibrationX关键投入N干扰S标准作业程序C可控制投入4-17整体应用流程图1234567891011ProcessStepProcessInputsHeavies