戴炜栋语言学第八讲

LectureEightLanguageandSocietyI.Introduction1.DefinitionsSociolinguistics:Sociolinguisticsisthesub-fieldoflinguisticsthatstudiestherelationbetweenlanguageandsociety,betweentheusesoflanguageandthesocialstructuresinwhichtheusersoflanguagelive.(DaiandHe,2002,p.111)Sociolinguisticsisthefieldthatstudiestherelationbetweenlanguageandsociety,betweentheusesoflanguageandthesocialstructuresinwhichtheusersoflanguagelive.Itisafieldofstudythatassumesthathumansocietyismadeupofmanyrelatedpatternsandbehaviours,someofwhicharelinguistic.(Spolsky,2000,p.3)Sociolinguistics:thestudyoflinguisticbehaviorasdeterminedbysocioculturalfactors.(Merriam-WebsterOnlineDictionary:=Dictionary&va=sociolinguistics)Thestudyoflanguageandlinguisticbehaviorasinfluencedbysocialandculturalfactors.(=sociolinguistics)Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoftheeffectofanyandallaspectsofsociety,includingculturalnorms,expectations,andcontext,onthewaylanguageisused.(Wikipedia:)2.LanguageandsocietySocialfactorsmustbeincludedindescriptionoflanguageandlanguageuse.Languageisnotonlyusedtocommunicatemeaning,butalsomaintainsocialrelationships.Whatandhowwespeakmayreflectourselves.Lexiconreflectsbothphysicalandthesocialenvironmentsofasociety.Judgmentsonlanguagemayvaryamonglinguistsandordinarypeople.3.SpeechcommunityandspeechvarietyGenerallinguistsandsociolinguistslookatspeechcommunitydifferently.Inaspeechcommunitytherearedifferentkindsofsocialgroupswhicharedividedindifferentways(educationalbackground,occupation,gender,age,ethnicaffiliation)Speechvariety:anydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeaker.(threetypes:regionaldialects,sociolects,registers)II.Varietiesoflanguage1.DialectalvarietiesRegionaldialectGeographicalbarriers;loyaltytoone’snativespeech,physicalandpsychologicalresistancetochangeMedia,transportandyoungpeople’svaluesmayreducethedifferencebetweenvarieties.SociolectSocialdialecthastodowithseparationbroughtaboutbydifferentsocialconditions.Differencesinsociolectscanbereflectedinpronunciation,grammarandothersPronunciation:[n]for[];RP(ReceivedPronunciation)Grammar:third-personpresent-tensesingularformofverbs;doublenegationOthers:(maybecombined)SpeakerASpeakerBIdidityesterday.Idoneityesterday.Hehasn’tgotit.Heain’tgotit.Itwasshethatsaidit.Itwasherwhatsaidit.LanguageandgenderDifferenceinpronunciation.(womenaremorestatus-consciousthanmen)Differenceinintonation(femalespeakershaveawiderrangeinintonation)Differenceinlexicon(someadjectivesusedmorefrequentlybyfemale)WomenaremorepoliteandmilderLanguageandageThedifferencemaycomefromthechangingofsociety,socialattitudesandvaluejudgments.IdiolectAperson’sdialectofanindividualspeaker.(factors:region,socialstatus,gender,age;reflectedin:voicequality,pitch,speechtempo,rhythm)EthnicdialectMaybecausedbyracialdiscriminationorsegregation.BlackEnglishisjustanothernon-standardvarietyofEnglish.DifferencebetweenblackEnglishandstandardEnglishinpronunciationandsyntax.Passed[p:s],mend[men],desk[des],told[tl]Hedon’tknownothing.(Hedoesn’tknowanything.)Iain’tafraidofnoghosts.(I’mnotafraidofghosts.)2.RegisterThetypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituation.Field(语场):refertowhatisgoingon,subjectmatterofcommunicationTenor(语旨):refertotheroleofrelationshipbetweenthecommunicatorsMode(语式):refertothemeansofcommunication(oralorwritten(readorspoken))e.g.alectureonbiologyinatechnicalcollegeField:scientific(biological)Tenor:teacher–students(formal,polite)Mode:oral(academiclecturing)DegreeofformalityMartinJoos’sfivedegreesofformalityFrozen:Visitorswouldmaketheirwayatoncetotheupperfloorbywayofthestaircase.Formal:VisitorsshouldtoupthestairsatonceConsultative:Wouldyoumindgoingupstairsrightaway,please?Casual:Timeyoualwentupstairsnow.Intimate:Upyougo,chap!Differentstylescanbecharacterizedthroughdifferencesatthreelevels:syntactic,lexicalandphonological.Insyntax(seep.121)InlexiconMoreformalLessformalOffspringchildrendeceasedieperusereadreplyanswerparticipateintakepartinencountercomeacrosstolerateputupwithInaddressforms(Sir,Mr.Smith,ProfessorSmith,Smith,Frederick,Fred,Mate,Uncle,Fred,Dad)III.StandarddialectThestandardvarietyisasuperimposed,sociallyprestigiousdialectofalanguage.Itisbasedonaselectedvariety,thelocalspeechofanareaconsideredthenation’spoliticalandculturalcenter.Itissuperimposedfromtheupperlevelofthesocietyovertherangeofregionaldialects.Itisofficiallystandardized.IV.PidginandCreoleApidginisaspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesanditisusedbypeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.FormedbycombiningaEuropeanlanguageandlocaloneLimitedvocabularyandveryreducegrammaticalstructurePidginmaybeextendedtoCreoleV.BilingualismanddiglossiaTwolanguagesareusedsidebysidewitheachhavingadifferentroletoplayRobin’sfivevariablesconcerningtheusage:LocationoftheinteractionFormality-informalityoftheinteractionDegreeofintimacyofthesp