新编英语语法教程课件更新6

EnglishGrammarliboDepartmentofForeignlanguagesContractinfo.E-mail:[e-mail]Telno:15051970805WhatdoesGrammarmean?Grammarisasetofrulesthatregulatepeople’sspeechandwriting,esp.writing,tofitintoaproperform.LanguagesystemMeaningsystemFormsystemSoundsystemMorphology&syntaxgrammarThestatusofEnglishgrammarinlanguagesystemThewaywelearngrammarReadmuchNotonlygrammarbooksThinkmuchGrammarrulesanddifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesePracticemuchNotjustfortestsIntroductionGrammaticalHierarchy(语法层次)Grammaristhestructuralsystemofalanguage.ThegrammaroftheEnglishlanguageisorganizedintofiveranks.Eachrankiscomposedofoneormorethanonegrammaticalunitoftheimmediatelowerrank.GrammaticalHierarchySentenceisthehighestrankofgrammaticalunitwhilethemorphemeistheminimumorlowestrank.Afullsentencecangenerallybesegmentedrankbyrankdowntoitssmallestunits----themorphemes,e.g.Whataretheselettersstandingfor?N:noun(book,student,table)NP:nounphraseVP:verbphrasePP:prepositionalphraseMv:mainverb(take,buy,lend,visit)Aux:auxiliary(be,dohave,can,should)Det:determiner(the,a,this,that,his)Adv:adverb(quickly,sadly,strongly)Adj:adjective(kind,warm,beautiful)Prep:preposition(in,aton,above)Morphemes(词素)Morphemeistheminimumorsmallestgrammaticalunit,alsothesmallestmeaningfulelementofspeech.Morphemesfallintotwocategories:freemorphemes(自由词素)boundmorphemes（粘附词素）FreemorphemesvsBoundmorphemesAfreemorphemehasacompletemeaningandcanstandbyitselfasasimpleword,e.g.boy,girl,book,desk,shop,teach,good,kind,friend(Derivativeandcompoundword)Boundmorphemesaremostlyaffixes.Theyarealsomeaningful,butthemeaningisnotcompleteinitselfunlessitisattachedtosomeotherform.Therefore,aboundmorphemecannotstandbyitself,itonlyexistsasaninflectionalorderivationalaffix,e.g.Boundmorphemes（粘附词素）BoundmorphemeAffixCombiningForm(组合形式)inflectionalderivational-s/-es,-’s,-ed,-ing,-er/-estPrefixSuffixanti-war,post-warMarxist,movement(屈折词缀)（派生词缀）-ceive,-duct,receive,conductbio-,-logy,micro-,-phone,biology,microphonemini-,minibusAllomorph(词素变体)Thesamemorphemeindifferentcontextsmaytakedifferentphonological（语音上）ororthographical（拼写上）forms.Thevariantsofthesamemorphemearecalled“Allomorph”.Forexample:Orthographicalvariants:in----inactiveincoherentim----immatureimperfectil----illegalillogicalir----irrationalirregularPhonologicalvariants:Cats/s/dogs/z/horses/iz/WordsAwordiscomposedofoneormorethanonemorpheme.Wordscanbeclassifiedintwoways.Intermsofword-formation,wordscanbedividedintosimplewords,derivativesandcompounds,e.g.Simplewords:at,by,take,write,day,hope,happy…Derivatives(词根加派生词缀）：unimportant,dislike,counterattack,pro-Chinese,semicircle,supermarket,preschool,beautify,lucky,arrangement,boyhood…(page3)Compounds(两个或两个以上自由词素构成):deadline,typewriter,birthday,blackboard,greenhouse,blacksheep，anybody,whatever…WordsIntermsofgrammaticalfunction,wordscanbedividedintoclosed-classwordsandopen-classwords.Theformerrefertothose(likeauxiliary,pronoun,preposition,determiner,conjunction,etc.)whoseitemsare“closed”orlimitedinnumber(functionwords)whilethelatterrefertothose(likenoun,mainverb,adjective,adverb,etc.)whoseitemsareindefinitelyextendable.Newitemsareconstantlycreatedandolditemsaregivingplacetothenewones(contentwords).e.g.computer,mouse,gay,lady,paper,blue-collar,white-collar.Phrases(短语)Thephraseiscomposedofoneormorethanoneword.Generallythephraseisagroupofwordsorganizedinaspecificwaywithakeywordasitshead.Thewordclassoftheheaddeterminestheclassofthephraseandthewayinwhichwordsareorganized.Hereweintroducefivetypesofphrases:NP,VP,AdjP,AdvP,PrePNounPhrases(NP)Thenounphraseisaphrasewithanounasitshead.generalpattern:(determiner+)(pre-modifier+)noun(+post-modifier)e.g.allthecollegestudentshisnewbookonphonologythetallboysittinginthecornerMiltonlivedinthe17thcenturyVerbPhrases(VP)Theverbphraseisaphrasewithamainverbasitshead.Averbphrasecanbesimpleorcomplex.Asimpleverbphraseisjustamainverbof“modifier+mainverb”.Forexample:Shelookspale.TheyfullyappreciateourproblemsAcomplexverbphraseisamainverbprecededbyanauxiliary(auxiliaries助动词)+modifier.Forexample:ItisgettingdarkSheoughttohavetoldhimaboutit.JoanwillcertainlyobjectandsowillMary.AdjectivePhrases(AdjP)Theadjectivephraseisaphrasewithanadjectiveasitshead,itcanjustincludeanadjective.generalpattern:modifier+adjective+post-modifier/complementatione.g.Theweatherisfinetoday.Thecourseisprettydifficult.Youarenotcarefulenough.AdverbPhrases(AdvP)Theadverbphraseisaphrasewithanadverbasitshead.Itcanjustincludeanadverb.generalpattern:modifier+adverb+post-modifiere.g.Hespokeloudlyandclearly.Beaman.Don’tactsoslowly.Shespokeveryclearlyindeed.PrepositionalPhrases(PrepP)Theprepositionalphraseisaphrasewithaprepositionasitshead.generalpattern:modifier+preposition+complementation(必不可少)Doyouthinkyoucanborrowsomemoneyfromyourfriend?Wearecollectingmoneyforthebenefitoforphans.Theweatherhasbeenfineexceptinthenorth.Clauses(分句)Aclauseiscomposedofoneormorethanonephrase.Afull-fledgedclauseisstructurally(结构上)asequenceofphrasesandlogicallyaconstructionof“subject+pr