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ATHLETICSTrackandfield•Athleticsisknownas‘trackandfield’intheUnitedStatesduetothewaythesportissplitintotwotypesorclassesofevent.•Trackeventsaremostlyindividualrunningracesheldoverdifferentdistancesaroundatrack.•Filedeventsarethrowingcompetitions,suchasthediscus,orjumpingdisciplines（科目）,suchasthehighjump.Clothing•Clothingforanathleteisrelativelysimple.Theathleteiswearingalightweightvestorsingletoveracottont-shirtforextrawarmthwhiletraining.Sheiswearinglightweightshortsandshortcottonsockswhichabsorbsweat.Otheressentialitemsincludeatracksuittokeepyouwarm,asmalltoweltodryyourhandsandface,andawaterbottle,allkeptinasportsbag.Shoes•Footwearvariesforthedifferentathleticsevents.Thesesprintshoesareknownasspikesduetotheshortspikesfittedtothesoleunderneaththeballofthefoot.Thesespikeshelptoprovidegrip.•Shoesfortheshotput,discusandhammerthrowingeventstendnottohavespikes.Instead,theyhavesmoothrubbersoles,whichenablethethrowertoturneasily.Trackevents•Sprint•Relayrunning•Hurdling•Middledistancerunning•Longdistancerunning•Thesteeplechase•MarathonStadiumoftrackeventsSprints•Themostcommonsprintracesarethe100metres,200metersand400metres.Inindoorathletics,the100metresisusuallyreplacedwiththe60-metresprint.Getagoodstart•Crouchstart：thefirst,acallof‘Onyourmarks’,seesthesprinterenterthestartingblocks.Thesecondcallof‘Set’seesthesprintergetintothestartingposition.Asprinterthenneedsexcellentreactionsandtechniquetorespondtothestarter’sthirdsignal-apistolshotorshoutof‘Go!’–asquicklyaspossible.•Falsestarts•FromJan.1.2010theruleofathleticstipulate:zerofalsestart.Staggeredstart•These200-metrerunnersareontheirmarks.Theirstartingblocksarestaggeredsothateachrunnerhasthesamedistancetocoverwhenrunningaroundthebendofthetrack.Sprintstarttechnique•Asprinter’sfirststrideinaraceistheshortestandthestridelengthincreasesasthesprinteraccelerates（加速）intotherace.•Therateatwhichheorshemakesstridesisknownascadence（节奏）andthisalsoincreasesasthesprinterreachestopspeed.•Thissprinterpreparesforherracestarbyplacingherhandsalittlewiderthanshoulder–widthapart.•Herfingertips（指尖）pressdownontothetrackinabridgedpositionjustbehindthestartline.•Herarmsarestraightbuttheelbowsarenotlocked.Sprinttechnique•upperbody：Upperbodyuprightorslightlyforward,headandspineinastraightline,chestpointingtothefront,chintucked,eyeslookahead,neckrelaxed.•Arm：armsbentabout90degree,handsrelaxedorfisted,shoulderrelaxed,anduseitastheaxisforswinging.•Leg：runningspeeddependsonthestridelengthandstridefrequency,thereforeitisimportanttohavelargestride,andtoachieveitistoraisethigh.Didyouknown?•Thissprintershowsgoodtimingtothrusthischestforwardstocrossthefinishingline.Tofinisharace,thelineonlyhastobecrossedbythesprinter’sbody,nottheirarmsandlegs.Relayrunning•Theexchangemusttakeplacewithinthechangeoverzone.Thisisa20-metre-longboxthatismarkedoutontherunningtrack.•Thesecondrunnermusthavethebatonundercontrolwhenheorsheleavesthezone.Failuretodosomeansthattheteamisdisqualified.Changeoverzone（接力区）•Trackandfieldstadiumshowsthefourchangeoverzonesmarkedoutonatypicaltrack.•Beforeeachchangeoverzonethereisa10-metre-longaccelerationzone.•Thereceivingrunnerisallowedtostandinthiszoneandstartrunningbeforereceivingthebatoninthechangeoverzone.Thechangeoverzoneof4*400-metrerelayrace•A4*400-metreracefeaturesastartsimilartoaregular400metres.Thefirstrunnercompleteshisorherlegandhandsoverthebatontothesecondrunner.Thesecondrunnermustcompletethefirst100metresoftheleginhisorherlaneandcanthen’break’andheadtowardstheinsidelaneofthetrack.Thesecondandthirdchangeoversoccurwiththerunnerswaitingtorunlined-upalongthefinishinglinewaitingfortheirteammatestoarrivewiththebaton.Changeoverzone第二棒抢道标志线B8B7B6B5B4B3B2B1A1A2A3A4A5A6A7A8C1C2C3C4C5C6C7C8D1D2D3D4D5D6D7D8S1S2S3S4S5S6S7S8一、4*400m接力跑的起点、接力区和抢道线S1~S8为第一棒起点A1~A8为第一接力区中点第一接力区20米二、4*100米接跑的起点和接力区各分道起点第一接力区第二接力区第三接力区Upsweepanddownsweep•Formaximumspeedinthe4*100metres,thebatonispassedblind,withthereceiverfacingahead.Therearetwomethodsofpassingthebatonwhenthereceiverislookingaheadandnotatthebaton.Theyarecalledthedownsweep（下压式）andtheupsweep（上挑式）.•Downsweep•Inthedownsweep,thereceiverstretchesahandbackwiththepalmupwards.•Theincomingrunnersweepsthebatondownintothereceiver’shandandonlyletsgowhenthebatonisfirmlygrasped.•Upsweep•Theupsweepmethodseestheincomingrunnersweepthebatonupintothereceiver’shand.•Thebatonisplacedinthe‘v’formedbythethumbandpalmofthereceiver’shand.Hurdling•Hurdlingeventsareusuallyheldoverdistancesvaryingfrom60metresindoortothe400-metrehurdles.•Themostcommonhurdlingeventsarethemen’s110-metrehurdlesandthe100-metrehurdlesforwomen.•Bothofthesefeaturetenhurdlesspacedevenlyalongthetrack.Thehurdles’heightHurdlingevents400metreshurdleThehurdle’sheightofthesteeplechase110metreshurdlemale100metreshurdlefemalemalefemalemalefemale1.067m0.84m0.914m0.762m0.914m0.762mThesteeplechase：thewaterjumpshallbe3.66wideandlong.Middleandlongdistancerunning•MiddleandlongdistanceracewasincorporatedinthecompetitionoftheancientOlympicGamesover2000yearsago.Inthe19thcentury，ItfirstprevailedinGreatBritainandthe