高中定语从句讲解与练习

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高中定语从句专项讲解与练习1定语从句专项讲解与练习1、定语从句在句中修饰某个名词或代词,被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句需用下列关联词:关系代词和关系副词。它们起连词作用,本身做从句的主语、宾语、表语或定语,本身在从句中作时间、地点或原因状语。主要有who,whom,that,whose,which,as,when,where,why。PS:what不能引导定语从句.指人的关系代词有who、whose、whom、that.指物的关系代词有which、whose(=ofwhich)、that.Theoldmanwho/whom/thatwevisitedyesterdayisafamousartist.MissWangistakingcareofthechildwhoseparentshavegonetoBeijing.Themanwithwhommyfathershookhandsjustnowisourheadmaster.(=Themanwho/whom/thatmyfathershookhandswithjustnowisourheadmaster.)Ilikethebookswhich/thatwerewrittenbyLuXun.Thedesks(which/that)wemadelastyearwereverygood.Thisisthehouseinwhichwelivedlastyear.(=Thisisthehousewhich/thatwelivedinlastyear.)Iliveintheroomwhosewindowsfacesouth.(=Iliveintheroom,thewindowsofwhichfacesouth.)2、掌握以上关系代词、关系副词的含义及使用时,要特别注意以下几点:1)指人时宜用who的情况:a.当先行词是one,ones,anyone或those,these时,关系代词用who。ThecomradeIwanttolearnfromistheonewhostudieshardandworkshard.Anyonewhobreaksthelawshouldbepunished.Anyonewhogoestherewillbepunished.ThesewhoaregoingtoBeijingarethebeststudentsofourschool.b.在therebe开头的句子中。There’sabeautifulgirlwhocametoseeyouthismorning.Thereisastudentwhowantstoseeyou.c.先行词后有一个较长的定语。ImetaforeignerinthecitylastweekwhocouldspeakChinesewell.d.一个句子中带有两个定语从句,其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that,另一个宜用who,以免重复。Thestudentthatwonthefirstprizeisthemonitorwhoworkshards.e.在非限定性定语从句中。Shehasabrother,whoworkedatthatfactorytenyearsago.2)指物时宜用that的情况:a.当先行词为all,none,much,little,few,something,anything,everything,高中定语从句专项讲解与练习2nothing等不定代词时。Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.b.当先行词既指人又指物时。Hespokeofthemenandthething(that)hehadseenabroad.c.当先行词是疑问词who,what,which时或者句子以疑问词who,what,which打头时。Whothathassuchahomedoesn’tloveit?d.先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或者当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。ThisisoneofthebestfilmsthatIhaveeverseen.Thisisthebestthatcanbedonenow.e.当先行词被thevery,theonly,thelast,thesame,just,oneof,any,every,few,little,no,all,oneof等修饰时。ThisisoneoftheverybookthatIamlookingfor.f.关系代词在从句中作表语。Maryisnolongerthegirlthatsheusedtobe.3)只能用which不能用that的情况。a.引导非限定性定语从句修饰某物或整个句子。Brucewenttowardsthefire,whichwasstillsmoking.Tomcamebacklate,whichmadehisparentsveryangry.b.关系代词作介词的宾语。ThisisthehouseinwhichLuXunoncelived.c.that,those作主语时ThosewhichareonthedeskareEnglishbooks.4)关系代词as和which都能引导非限定性定语从句代表整个句子的内容,as引导的从句可位于句首或句末,which引导的定语从句则不能位于句首。Whichyouknow,heisagoodman.(×)Asyouknow,heisagoodman.(√)5)关系副词when,where,why其含义相当于onwhich,inwhich,forwhich等,可以互换:Thedaywhen/onwhichImethimfirstwasMay1st.Idon’tknowthereasonwhy/forwhichhedidn’tcome.6)whose指物时,可以与ofwhich等结构互换,但应注意与冠词的位置关系:Thisisthebookthecoverofwhich/ofwhichthecover/whosecoverisblue.7)有时可用that代替关系副词。在口语中常省略。Thisisthereason(why/forwhich/that)hecamelate.高中定语从句专项讲解与练习38)先行词是专有名词、整个句子或世界上独一无二的物质名词时,一般用非限定性定语从句修饰。Thesun,whichgivesuslightandheat,isverybig.9)在先行词和定语从句之间有无逗号有时会引起名义的变化:Hesaidnothingthatmadeherangry.他没说使她生气的话。Hesaidnothing,whichmadeherangry.他一言不发,这使她很生气。10)部分短语动词中的介词不可与动词拆开,在定语从句中其介词不可前置,只能放在其动词之后。Isthisthebookwhichsheislookingfor?Theoldmanwho/whomtheyarewaitingforisProfessorLi.Thechildwho/whomsheislookingafterisWangPing’sson.11)先行词前有such、thesame、as时,关系代词用as,不用that,但thesame…as…表示同样的,thesame…that…表示同一的。Heknowsasmanypeopleasarepresentatthemeeting.Suchpeopleasyourefertoarerarenowadays.3、定语从句与强调结构Itistheplacewheretheylivedbefore.Itisintheplacethattheylivedbefore.第一个句子为定语从句,where指代theplace,在定语从句中作状语,第二个句子为强调结构,强调intheplace,that没有意义,把放回后面句子,句子意思完整。Whereisitthathefoundthelostwatch?(强调句型,强调疑问副词where.)Whereisthewatchhefoundyesterday?(定语从句,that指代thewatch.)4、定语从句中的先行词Isthisbooktheonethatyouboughtyesterday?Isthisthebookthatyouboughtyesterday?第一个句子中,thisbook是主句的主语,theone是先行词。在第二个句子中this是主句的主语,thebook是先行词。一定要避免出现:Isthisbookthatyouboughtyesterday?5、定语从句与同位语从句定语从句相当于形容词,它对先行词起修饰、描述或限制作用,而同位语从句则相当于名词,对其前面的词给予说明或作进一步解释,即说明该词所表示的具体内容。例如:Thenewsthatweheardisnottrue.(定语从句)高中定语从句专项讲解与练习4Thenewsthathewontheprizeisnottrue.(同位语从句)另:在“havenoidea+从句”结构中,其从句都作idea的同位语。例如:Ihavenoideawhenshewillbeback.6.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:Allthestudentswhostudyhardhavepassed.学习努力的学生都考试及格了。(只有努力的及格了,不努力的没及格。)Allthestudents,whostudyhardhavepassed.所有的学生都及格了,他们学习努力。(没有人不及格,这些学生都很努力。)在限制性定语从句中,从句是先行词不可缺少的定语(如去掉,主句意思就不完整或不正确。)从句与主句关系密切,不用逗号。译为汉语时,从句译在先行词前,与先行词用“的”连接。在非限制性定语从句中,从句是对先行词的附加说明(如去掉,主句意思仍清楚,不受影响。)从句与主句关系不十分密切,用逗号与主句隔开。译为汉语时,从句放在主句后面。7.As和which的辨析关系。○1.Thiselephantislikeasnake,as/whicheverybodycansee.=Aseverybodycansee,thiselephantislikeasnake.任何人都看得出来,这头象像条蛇。○2.Tomdidn’tpassthephysicsexam,whichmadehisparentsveryangry.Tom物理考试不及格,这使得他父亲很生气。这两个例句中,as和which所代表的都是整个主句所表示的内容。但有两点不同之处:a.在形式上as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句的后面,也可位于主句的前面;而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句的后面,不能位于主句的前面。b.在意义上,as引导的定语从句和主句的关系一般为一致关系,常译为“正如……”,“就像……”,而which引导的定语从句和主句的关系是因果关系,或which引导的定语从句是对主句的评论。因此,在意思通顺的情况下,which可代替as,而as许多时候不能代替which,如句○2。【当从句和主句语义一致时,用as,反之则用which。Shehasmarriedagain,aswasexpected.Shehasmarriedagain,whichwasunexpected.】再如:1)Hewaslateagain,as/whichwehadexpected.=Aswehadexpected,he高中定语从句专项讲解与练习5waslateagain.正如我们所料,他又迟到了。/他又迟到了这是我们早就料到的。2)Thestreethasn’tbeenclearedforweeks,whichmakesitverydirty.街道好多星期没有打扫了,因此整条街很脏。(不用as)3)Theyoungmancheatedhisfriendofmuchmoney,whichwasdisgracefu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