Safetygram-18安全程序-18CarbonDioxide二氧化碳General概述Carbondioxideisnonflammable,colorless,andodorlessinthegaseousandliquidstates.Thegasisapproximatelyoneandone-halftimesasheavyasair.Carbondioxideisaminorbutimportantconstituentoftheatmosphere,averagingabout0.03%or300ppmbyvolume.Sincedrycarbondioxideisarelativelyinertgas,specialmaterialsofconstructionarenotrequired.Intheeventmoistureispresentinhighconcentrations,carbonicacidmaybeformedandmaterialsresistanttothisacidshouldbeused.Highflowratesorrapiddepressurizationofasystemcancausetemperaturesapproachingthesublimationpoint(-109.3F[-78.5C])tobeattainedwithinthesystem.Carbondioxidewillconvertdirectlyfromaliquidtoasolidiftheliquidisdepressurizedbelow76psia(61psig).Theuseofmaterialswhichbecomebrittleatlowtemperaturesshouldbeavoidedinapplicationswheretemperatureslessthan-20F(-29C)areexpected.VesselsandpipingusedincarbondioxideserviceshouldbedesignedtotheAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers(ASME)orDepartmentofTransportation(DOT)codesforthepressuresandtemperaturesinvolved.在液态和气态时二氧化碳是不可燃、无色、无嗅的。气体比空气重大约1.5倍。二氧化碳是空气的含量较小但很重要的组成成分,体积比平均约为0.03%或300ppm。由于干燥的二氧化碳是相对不活泼的气体,不要求特殊的建材。在水蒸汽浓度很高的情况下,可以生成碳酸,这时应使用对该酸有抵抗力的材料。系统的高流速或迅速降压可以在系统内获得接近升华点(-109.3F[-78.5C])的温度。如果液体压力降到76psia(61psig)以下,直接从液态转化到固态。在预期温度低于-20F(-29C)的应用中应该避免使用在低温下变脆的材料。用于二氧化碳设施的容器和管道要根据相关的压力和温度按照美国机械工程师协会(ASME)或交通部(DOT)的规范来设计。。Carbondioxidecanbestoredasabulkliquidinlargestoragevesselswithcapacitiesupto50tonsandlarger.Theliquidinthetankismaintainedbetween245psigand305psig.Whenthetankpressurereaches305psig,amechanicalair-cooledrefrigerationunitisactivatedwhichcoolsthetankcontentsandtherebyreducesthepressuretoabout295psig.Whenpressuredropsto245psig,aportionoftheliquidispassedthroughapressurebuildupcoilwhichvaporizestheliquidinthecoil,andtheresultantvaporissenttothetank’svaporspaceuntilatankpressureof255psigisattained.Inisolatedinstanceswherecarbondioxideusageisextremelylow,heatleakintothetankissufficienttomaintainthecontentsabove245psigandapressurebuildupcoilisnotneeded.Thebulkstoragetankcaneithersupplygasfromthevaporspaceorliquidfromthebottomofthetank.Ifwarmercarbondioxidegasisdesired,vaporiswithdrawnfromthevaporspaceinthestoragetankandsuperheated.Bulkstoragetanksarefilledbyliquidtransporttrailers.二氧化碳可以作为液体大量储存在容量大到50吨和更大的大型储存容器内。容器内的液体压力维持在245psig和305psig。当容器压力达到305psig时,启动机械空气冷却制冷设备,使容器内容物降温,从而压力降到约295psig。当压力降到245psig时,部分液体流过一个压力积累蛇管,蛇管使其内部的液体蒸发,产生的蒸气送到容器的蒸气空间,直到容器压力达到255psig。在二氧化碳用量极低的隔热场合,泄漏进容器的热量足以使内容物的压力维持在245psig以上,因此不需要压力积累蛇管。大容量储存容器能够或者从蒸气空间供应气体,或者从容器底部供应液体。如果需要温度更高的二氧化碳气体,可以从蒸气空间提取出蒸气,并使其过热。由液体运输拖车来灌装大容量容器。Carbondioxideisalsopumpedasaliquidintohigh-pressurecylinderswhicharefilledbyweight.Theamountofcarbondioxidegascontainedinacylinderisdeterminedbymultiplyingtheweightoftheliquidbythespecificvolumeat68F(20C)and1atmospherepressure,(8.70cu.ft./lb.).Thevaporpressureoftheliquidstoredinthecylinder@68F(20C)is816poundspersquareinchgauge(psig).Cylinderscanbesuppliedwithstandardvalvesforgaswithdrawalorwithsiphontubesconnectedinternallytothevalvesforliquidwithdrawal.还可以把二氧化碳泵入根据重量来灌装的高压钢瓶。液体的重量乘以在68F(20C)和1个大气压时的比容(8.70cu.ft./lb.),就是在钢瓶内容纳的二氧化碳气体的数量。储存在68F(20C)的钢瓶内的液体的蒸气压是816磅每平方英寸(psig)。钢瓶可以配有用于气体提取的标准阀门或在内部连接到阀门的用于液体提取的虹吸管。Carbondioxideisalsostoredandshippedasaliquidincryogeniccylindersatreducedtemperatureandatapressureofabout300psig.二氧化碳还可以作为液体在压力减小到大约300psig的低温钢瓶内储存和运输,ThemolecularsymbolforcarbondioxideisCO2.二氧化碳的分子式是CO2。Toxicity毒性Carbondioxidedoesnotsupportlifeandmayproduceimmediatelyhazardousatmospheres.Atconcentrationsinexcessof1.5%,carbondioxidemayproducehyperventilation,headaches,visualdisturbances,tremor,lossofconsciousness,anddeath.Symptomsofexposureintheconcentrationrangesof1.5–5%maybehighlyvariablebuttypicalsymptomsofcarbondioxideintoxicationarelistedunderExposureReactions.二氧化碳不支持生命,可以立刻产生危险的空气。在浓度超过1.5%时,二氧化碳可以造成换气过度、头痛、视力紊乱、颤抖、失去知觉和死亡。在1.5到5%的浓度中暴露的症状有很多种,但是二氧化碳中毒的典型症状列在“暴露反应”中。Iftheconcentrationofcarbondioxideexceeds10%,exposuremayproduceprofoundmetabolicaberrations,disturbancesofthecentralnervoussystem,andcardiacirritability;unconsciousnesscanoccurwithoutwarning,preventingself-rescue.Atmuchhigherconcentrations,carbondioxidedisplacestheoxygeninairbelowlevelsnecessarytosupportlife.如果二氧化碳的浓度超过10%,暴露可以造成复杂的代谢失常、中枢神经系统紊乱和心过敏;没有警告就会造成意识不清,阻止了自救。在更高的浓度下,二氧化碳取代了空气中的氧,氧浓度降到维持生命所必须的浓度以下。ExposureLimit暴露极限TheTLV-TWAforCO2,aslistedbyAmericanConferenceofGovernmentalIndustrialHygienistsandbytheOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration,is5000partspermillion,or0.5%.TheCAS#forCO2is124-38-9.正如美国政府工业卫生学者会议和职业安全和健康管理局所列出的,对于二氧化碳的TLV-TWA值是百万分之5000或0.5%。对于二氧化碳,CAS#是124-38-9。ThresholdLimitValue-TimeWeightedAverage(TLV-TWA)isthetime-weightedaverageconcentrationforanormal8-hourworkdayand40-hourworkweek,towhichnearlyallworkersmayberepeatedlyexposed,dayafterday,withoutadverseeffect.阈值极限-时间权重平均值(TLV-TWA)是对于正常的8小时工作日和40小时工作周的时间权重平均值,在该值下,大多数工人日复一日的重复暴露在其中而不会受到有害影响。Manufacture生产Carbondioxideisproducedasacrudeby-productofanumberofmanufacturingprocesses.Carbondioxideisaby-productofsteamreformingofmethane,propaneorna