1【WORKSHOPONAGRO-FOODSAFETYISSUES2002.10.9-11】GeneralPrinciple&ApplicationofRiskAnalysisonFoodSafety危险性分析的原则及其在食品安全中的应用2Foodsafety–aglobalconcernFoodingredientsandproductssourcedaroundtheworld食物原料和产品来源于世界各地Foodcontrolmeasuresnotthesameeverywhere各地的食品安全控制措施不同Foodsafetymaybeperceiveddifferentlyindifferentpartsoftheworld不同地域对食品安全的认识不同Canobstructinternationaltrade国际贸易受阻3CAC&WTOSPS和TBT协议是WTO成员在国际贸易中必须遵循的多边协定应用卫生与植物卫生措施协定,SPSSanitary/PhytosanitaryMeasuresAgreement贸易技术壁垒协议,TBTTheAgreementonTechnicalBarrierstoTrade4WHO要求各会员国:在食品安全行动之下,重点制定和评估国家的控制战略,支持发展评估与食品相关风险的科学,包括分析与食源性疾病相关的高危因素;要最大可能利用发展中国家在食源性因素危险性评估方面的信息以制定国际标准。5Riskanalysis–why?为什么要进行危险性分析Foodsafetyofincreasingconcern食品安全被广为关注Movetowardsariskbasedapproach趋向于对危险性的研究Decisionmakingbasedonsoundscience基于科学基础上的决策6RiskAnalysis-whatisit?Aprocessconsistingof3components:riskassessment危险性评估riskmanagement危险性管理riskcommunication危险性信息交流7RiskAnalysisParadigmRiskAssessmentRiskManagementRiskCommunicationSciencebasedPolicybasedInteractiveexchangeofinformationandopinions8RiskAssessment(CAC,1997)危险性评估Ascientificallybasedprocess科学评估的程序Theevaluationofthepotentialforadverseeffectsonhumanoranimalhealtharisingfromthepresenceofadditives,contaminants,toxinsordisease-causingorganismsinfood,beveragesorfeedstuffs.(WTO)评估食品、饮料、饲料中的添加剂、污染物、毒素或病原菌对人群或动物潜在副作用的科学程序。9RiskManagement(CAC,1997)危险性管理Theprocess,distinctfromriskassessment,ofweighingpolicyalternatives,inconsultationwithallinterestedparties,consideringriskassessmentandotherfactorsrelevantforthehealthprotectionofconsumersandforthepromotionoffairtradepractices,and,ifneeded,selectingappropriatepreventionandcontroloptions.在危险性评估的科学基础上,为保护消费者健康、促进国际食品贸易而采取的预防和控制措施。10RiskCommunication危险性信息交流Theinteractiveexchangeofinformationandopinionsthroughouttheriskanalysisprocessconcerninghazardsandrisks,riskrelatedfactorsandriskperceptions,amongriskassessors,riskmanagers,consumers,industry,theacademiccommunityandotherinterestedparties,includingtheexplanationofriskassessmentfindingsandthebasisofriskmanagementdecisions在危险性评估者,危险性管理者,消费者,企业,学术团体和其他组织间就危害、危险性,与危险性相关的因素和理解等进行广泛的信息和意见沟通,包括危险性评估的结论和危险性管理决策。11危险性评估程序RiskAssessment危害的确定HazardIdentification危害的特征描述HazardCharacterization暴露量评估ExposureAssessment危险特征的描述RiskCharacterization12Hazard(CAC,1997)危害Abiological,chemicalorphysicalagentin,orconditionof,foodwiththepotentialtocauseanadversehealtheffect.食品中可能存在的影响人体健康的生物、化学、物理因素,或状况。13HazardsinFoodMicroorganisms细菌Fungiandmycotoxins真菌和真菌毒素Virusesandparasites病毒和寄生虫Toxicplantsandanimals有毒动植物Potentialenvironmentaltoxicants潜在的环境有毒化学污染物14Hazardcharacterisation(CAC,1997)危害特征的描述Thequalitativeand/orquantitativeevaluationofthenatureoftheadversehealtheffectsassociatedwiththehazard.ForthepurposeofMicrobiologicalRiskAssessmenttheconcernsrelatetomicroorganismsandtheirtoxins.微生物危害的定性(半定量)、定量评估15ExposureAssessment(CAC,1997)暴露评估Thequalitativeand/orquantitativeevaluationofthelikelyintakeofbiological,chemicalandphysicalagentsviafoodaswellasexposuresfromothersourcesifrelevant.从食物或相关来源摄入生物、化学和物理因子的定性、定量评估16RiskCharacterization(CAC,1997)危险性特征的描述Theprocessofdeterminingthequalitativeand/orquantitativeestimation,includingattendantuncertainties,oftheprobabilityofoccurrenceandseverityofknownorpotentialadversehealtheffectsinagivenpopulationbasedonhazardidentification,hazardcharacterizationandexposureassessment.在危害的识别、危害的特征描述和暴露评估的基础上确定事件暴发的概率和严重性,或对健康产生潜在不良影响的定性和/定量评估的过程。17Riskmanagement危险性管理4Elements:Riskevaluation危险性评价Riskmanagementoptionsassessment危险性管理选项评估Implementation执行Monitoringandreview监测和回顾18Implementation执行Canbedonebybothgovernmentofficialsandthefoodindustry可被政府官方和食品企业执行Implementationwilltakedifferentformsdependingwhatdecisionshavebeentaken执行将根据已定的决议采取不同形式MRAmaybeusefulinimplementationinformationonproductpathogenpathwayinparticularexposureassessmentcanbeavaluableinformationsourceMRA在执行中的作用病原菌产生的途径特别是暴露评估可作为有价值的信息来源19MonitoringandReview监测与评议Assesseffectivenessofmeasurestaken评估所用方法的效率providesmoredata提供更多数据providesinformationneedtoreviewriskmanagementdecisionandifneededriskassessment提供信息,以便评议危险性管理决议及是否需要危险性评估20RiskAnalysis-whousesitAtoolforuseprimarilybygovernments各国政府protectconsumerhealth保护消费者健康maintainconfidenceininternationallytradedfood(marketmaintenance)-harmonization,mutualrecognition,equivalence维持在国际食品贸易中的信心-一体、共识、平等Atinternationallevel国际水平WTO-useriskassessmenttechniquesdevelopedbyrelevantinternationalorganizations国际贸易中采用由相关国际组织建立的危险性评估技术usedbystandardsettingbodies(Codex)被国际标准指定团体所采用21CAC常遇到的问题Differentopinionsonmethodsoroutputsofassessment,eg.,using“Aslowasreasonablyachievable(ALARA)”forcontaminants对专家评价方法或结果有不同看法,如污染物达到尽可能低的水平黄曲霉毒素(总量、B1、M1)Whenthereisscientificallyuncertainty当存在科学不确定性时食品中的单增李斯特菌(〈100cfu/g)氯丙醇JECFA,JointFAO/WHOExpertCommitteeonFoodAdditivesFAO/WHO联合食品添加剂专家委员会JMPR,JointFAO/WHOMeetingonPesticideResiduesFAO/WHO联合农药残留专家委员会JEMRA,JointFAO/WHOExpertConsultationonMicrobiologicalRiskAssessmentFAO/WHO联合微生物危险性评估专家咨询委员会23FAO/WHO专家咨询组织与CAC有关委员会关系Relationshipbetweenexpertconsult