实验动物使用者职业健康与安全

實驗動物使用者職業健康與安全OccupationalHealthandSafetyintheCareandUseLaboratoryAnimals黃彥智國家實驗動物中心Email:[e-mail]演講目的1.讓學員瞭解人員使用實驗動物之職業健康與安全的風險評估2.職業健康與安全應注意事項及適當的防護方法職業健康與安全之定義(OccupationalHealthandSafety)Institutionalemployees,fellows,studentsandvisitorswhointhecourseoftheirworkwithresearchanimalsmightbeexposedtohazardsthatcouldadverselyaffecttheirhealthandsafety.Allindividualshavedirectcontactwithanimals,livingtissues,bodyfluids,wastes……從事動物實驗者可能遭遇到的工作傷害1.Allergens2.Biologicalhazards--Zoonoticdiseases3.Physicalandchemicalhazards4.Protocolrelatedhazards職業健康與安全(OccupationalHealthandSafety)計畫設計及管理(Programdesignandmanagement)計畫(Programs):1.Knowingthehazard2.Avoidingandcontrollingexposures3.Trainingandeducation4.Rulesandguidelines5.Consistency6.Recordkeepingandmonitoring7.Commitmentandcoordination職業健康與安全(OccupationalHealthandSafety)管理(Management):1.Animalcareanduse2.Research3.Environmentalhealthandsafety4.Occupationalhealth5.Administrationandmanagement6.IACUCprovidelinksamongthefiveaboveinstitutionalfunctions.動物房過敏原(AllergensintheAnimalFacility)動物房過敏原(AllergensintheAnimalFacility)主要過敏原RatsandMice:urineprotein,ratn1A(pre-albumin),ratn1B(a2-euglobulin),Musm1(producedinliverandsalivaandsecretedinurine,100timesinserum,male4timesfemale)Rabbits:Ag-1,fur(glycoprotein,major)；Ag-2,saliva、urine(minor)Cats:Feld1,producedinsebaceousglandsoftheskinandcoatsofthehairshafts動物房過敏原(AllergensintheAnimalFacility)預防(Prevention):1.Facilitydesign:HEPAfilter,filtertop,airchangesandHVACetc.,(RH:54~77%)2.Workpractices(Workersshouldbemadeawareoftherisksandavoidexposureasmuchaspossible)3.Personalprotectiveequipment(Onceapersondevelopsallergicsymptoms,surgicaldisposablemasksareusuallynoteffective)4.Evaluationoftheallergicworkers(medicinesoravoidexposurecompletely)減少暴露於動物性過敏原的方法Ventilatedhood,biosafetycabinet,dust/surgicalmaskAnimalroomsshoulddeliveratleast10airchangesperhourDon’twearyourstreetclotheswhenworkingwithanimals.Wearprotectiveclothing.Reduceyourskincontactwithanimalsbywearingglovesandlong-sleevedlabcoatsWashyourhandsfrequently.Washhands,faceandneckbeforeleavingtheworkareaAvoidtouchingyourhandstoyourfacewhileworkingwithanimalsandanimalequipmentKeepcagesandyourworkareaclean人畜共通疾病的防治(Controlofzoonoticdiseasesintheanimalfacility)1.Engineeringcontrol(facilitydesign)2.Animalquarantineandstabilization3.Workpracticesandprocedures4.Personalprotectiveequipment5.Trainingandeducation6.RoleofthefacilitydirectorandIACUC7.Institutionalpoliciesandrules實驗動物病原分類A:人畜共通傳染病B:實驗動物致死病原C:非致死但可引起實驗動物發生疾病或生理功能改變D:實驗動物機緣性病原E:非病原但可為實驗動物微生物條件的指標等級微生物種類小鼠大鼠A漢他病毒（Hantavirus）○淋巴球性膜絡腦膜腦炎病毒（Lymphocyticchoriomeningitisvirus，LCMV）○沙門式桿菌（Salmonellaspp.）○○白癬菌（Dermatophytes）○○B仙台病毒（Sendaivirus）○○鼠痘病毒（Ectromeliavirus）○小鼠肝炎病毒（Mousehepatitisvirus，MHV）○肺炎黴漿菌（Mycoplasmpulmonis）○○纖毛桿菌（Cilia-associatedrespiratorybacillus,CAR）○○腸黏膜肥厚症菌（E.coliO-115a,c:k(b)）○肺曩原蟲（Pneumocystiscarinii）○○C唾液腺淚腺病毒（Sialodacryoadenitisvirus，SDAV）○小鼠肺炎病毒（Pneumoniavirusofmice，PVM）○○小鼠腦脊髓炎病毒（Mouseencephalomyelitisvirus，GD-7）○○克氏大鼠病毒（Kilhamratvirus，KRV）○H-1大鼠病毒（H-1virus）○小鼠微小病毒（Minutevirusofmice，MVM）○○小鼠腺病毒（Mouseadenovirus，Mad）○○梭狀桿菌/Tyzzer病（Clostridumpilifrome）○○庫氏棒狀桿菌（Corynebacteriumkutscheri）○○肺炎巴斯德桿菌（Pasteurellapneumotropica）○○支氣管敗血症菌/博得氏桿菌（Bordetellabronchiseptica）○肺炎鏈球菌（Streptococcuspneumoniae）○肝型螺旋桿菌（Helicobacterhepaticus）○小鼠梨型原虫（Giardiamuris）○○六鞭毛虫（Spironucleusmuris）○○D綠膿桿菌（Pseudomonasaeruginosa）○○金黃色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcusaureus）○○E鼠盲腸蟯虫（Syphaciaspp.）○○鼠大腸蟯虫（Aspiculuristetraptera）○○各種動物實驗可能風險(Risksbyanimalspecies)RodentWildrodentWildMammalDog&CatRuminantPigPrimateAllergyOOXOOXOCampylo-bacterXOOOOXOCrypto-spridiossisXOOOOOOEntericBacteriaXOOOOOOPhysicalinjuryXXOOOOORabiesXXOOOXOspecificXHantaXToxopl-asmosisQFeverJETB人畜共通傳染疾病—囓齒類病原媒介動物人類症狀傳染途徑Hantavirus大鼠肌痛、頭痛吸入、咬傷LCMV小鼠、倉鼠似流行性感冒接觸糞尿咬傷Sendaivirus小鼠、大鼠、倉鼠呼吸道症狀空氣鼠咬熱囓齒類肌痛、頭痛咬傷Salmonella囓齒類急性胃腸炎食物飲水錢癬囓齒類皮屑、掉毛髮接觸肺囊虫囓齒類、兔咳嗽、呼吸難空氣Hantavirus(漢他病毒)如何在實驗室預防漢他病毒感染(I)HantavirusesareagenusinthefamilyBunyaviridae,whicharelipid-envelopedviruseswithanegative-strandedRNAgenome.Theyaresusceptibletomostdisinfectants(e.g.,dilutehypochloritesolutions,70%alcohol,ormostgeneral-purposehouseholddisinfectants).LimitedstudieswithHantaanvirushaveshownsensitivitytoapHoflessthanorequalto5.Infectivityhasbeenreportedtopersistinneutralsolutionsforseveralhoursat37Candforseveraldaysatlowertemperatures,aswellasindriedcell-culturemediumforupto2daysThatiswhyoneofthemostimportantwaystopreventtransmittingHPSistocarefullywetdowndeadrodentsandareaswhererodentshavebeenwithdisinfectantand/orbleach.如何在實驗室預防漢他病毒感染(II)Laboratorytransmissionofhantavirusesfromrodentstohumansviatheaerosolrouteiswelldocumented.Exposurestorodentexcreta,freshnecropsymaterial,andanimalbeddingarepresumedtobeassociatedwithrisk.Otherpotentialroutesoflaboratoryinfectionincludeingestion,contactofinfectiousmaterialswithmucousmembranesorbrokenskin,and,inparticular,animalbites.BiosafetyLevel2(BSL-2)facilitiesandBSL-2practicesarerecommendedforlaboratoryhandlingofserafrompersonspotentiallyinfectedwiththeagentsofHPS.如何