碳氧血红蛋白部分替代亚硝酸钠对猪肉肠品质及安全性的影响Effectsofsodiumnitritereplacedpartiallybycarboxyhemoglobinonqualitiesandsecurityofporksausage作者姓名檀胜江学位类型学历硕士学科、专业食品科学研究方向食品化学导师及职称周存六副教授2013年4月I碳氧血红蛋白部分替代亚硝酸钠对猪肉肠品质及安全性的影响摘要肉制品中的色素研究一直是国内外的热门之一。传统的发色剂亚硝酸钠存在安全问题,使用受到限制。目前开发的亚硝酸盐替代物均存在一些缺陷,而在肉制品加工中尚无得到实际应用。本文研究碳氧血红蛋白部分替代亚硝酸钠对猪肉肠的理化性质、感官评价和微生物菌落数的影响,并对其安全性开展评价和发色机理进行研究。结果如下:(1)与空白组相比(A组),添加0.2%碳氧血红蛋白和0.005%亚硝酸钠的猪肉肠(G组)有显著低的L*、b*、TBA、TVB-N值和菌落总数(P0.05),显著高的a*值和pH值(P0.05);G组样品在35天贮藏期内大肠杆菌检测小于30cfu/100g,金黄色葡萄球菌未检测出;与添加0.015%亚硝酸钠(B组)相比,G组产品有显著降低的亚硝酸钠残留量(P0.05),较高的感官得分。上述结果表明,碳氧血红蛋白部分替代亚硝酸钠能有效地改善猪肉肠的理化性质和提高肉肠的感官品质。(2)碳氧血红蛋白部分替代亚硝酸钠的猪肉肠的安全性评价结果:a)急性毒性试验:添加10%碳氧血红蛋白和0.005%亚硝酸钠的样品对昆明雌、雄小鼠累积灌胃剂量达20.00g/kg·bw、连续观察两周,未出现异常和死亡情况,属无毒级。b)①Ames试验:添加10%的碳氧血红蛋白和0.005%亚硝酸钠五个梯度的样品5000μg/皿、1000μg/皿、200μg/皿、40μg/皿、8μg/皿,它们与空白对照组、溶剂对照组均没有显著性差异(P0.05),与阳性对照组均有显著性差异(P0.05);②小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验:添加0.005%亚硝酸钠和10%、5%、2.5%的碳氧血红蛋白的三种样品,灌胃剂量都为10g/kg·bw,与阴性对照组相比没有显著性差异(P0.05),与阳性对照组相比均有显著性差异(P0.05);③小鼠精子畸形试验:三种样品同②,与阴性对照组相比均没有显著性差异(P0.05),与阳性对照组相比均有显著性差异(P0.05)。c)大鼠30天喂养试验:添加10%、5%、2.5%的碳氧血红蛋白和0.005%亚硝酸钠的三种样品,均以最大耐受剂量20g/kg·bw喂养30天,与对照组比较,体重、食物利用率、血常规指标、血液生化指标、主要脏器重量及脏/体比值,均无显著性差异(P0.05)。与对照组相比,食用添加10%碳氧血红蛋白和0.005%亚硝酸钠的猪肉肠30天的大鼠大体解剖和组织病理切片没有异常改变。上述结果表明碳氧血红蛋白部分替代亚硝酸钠的猪肉肠初步结果是安全的,可以作为一种潜在色素用于肉制品生产。(3)对添加0.2%碳氧血红蛋白和0.05%亚硝酸钠的猪肉肠的色素成分分析表明,呈色物质可能是含有碳氧血红蛋白的热变性产物及其与亚硝酸钠反应的产物。II关键词:碳氧血红蛋白;急性毒性试验;Ames试验;骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验;精子畸形试验;30天喂养试验IIIEffectsofsodiumnitritereplacedpartiallybycarboxyhemoglobinonqualitiesandsecurityofporksausageABSTRACTPigmentinmeatproductshasbeenoneoftheimportanttopics.Usually,sodiumnitritewasrestrictedinthemanufacturebecauseofitssecurity.Nitritessubstitutehasnotpracticallybeenusedinmeatprocessingduingtoitsshortcomings.Thispaperstudiedontheeffectsofcarboxyhemoglobinpartiallyreplacedbysodiumnitriteonthephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofporksausage,sensoryqualitiesandmicrobialproperties.Also,itevaluatedthesafetycarboxyhemoglobin-treatedporksausage.Theresultswereshownasthefollows:(1)Comparedwithcontrol(sampleA),L*,b*,TBA,TVB-Nandtheaerobicplatecountsweresignificantlydecreased(P0.05)inthesamplewith0.2%carboxyhemoglobinand0.005%sodiumnitriteadded(sampleG),whilea*andpHvalueincreasedsignificantly(P0.05),E.coliwasdetectedlessthan30cfu/100gandS.aureuswasnotdetectedduringthe35daysstorage.Comparedwiththe0.015%sodiumnitritesamples(sampleB),sampleGsodiumnitriteresiduesoftheaboveproductdecreasedsignificantly(P0.05),sensoryscorewashigher.Theresultsshowedthatthephysicochemicalpropertiesandsensoryqualitiesinporksausagecouldbeimprovedeffectivelybysodiumnitritepartiallyreplacedcarboxyhemoglobin.(2)Thesafetyofthesampletreatedwithacombinationofcarboxyhemoglobinandsodiumnitriteinporksausagewasshownasthefollows:a)Acutetoxicitytest:Thesamplewith10%carboxyhemoglobinand0.005%sodiumnitriteadded,theaccumulatedgavage20.00g/kg.bwdoseofKunmingfemale,malemice.Itwasanon-toxicleveliftherewasnoabnormalanddeathsituationwithtwoweekscontinuousobservation.b)①Amestest:Comparedwithblankcontrol、solventcontrol,thesamplewith10%carboxyhemoglobinand0.005%sodiumnitriteaddedof5000μg/plate、1000μg/plate、200μg/plate、40μg/plate、8μg/platefivegradient,therehadnosignificantdifference(P0.05),comparedwithpositivecontrol,whiletherehadasignificantdifference(P0.05);②Mousesbonemarrowmicronucleustest:Comparedwithcontrol,thegavagedoseswereall10g/kg.bwinthreesampleswhichadded0.005%sodiumnitritewith10%,5%,2.5%carboxyhemoglobin,therehadnosignificantdifference(P0.05),comparedwithpositivecontrol,whilethereIVhadasignificantdifference(P0.05);③Mousesspermmorphologytest:Threesampleswhichweresameasthatin②,comparedwithcontrol,therehadnosignificantdifference(P0.05),comparedwithpositivecontrol,whiletherehadasignificantdifference(P0.05).c)Thetestsoftheinfluenceof30-daysfeedingonrats:Comparedwithcontrol,ratswerefedbythemaximumtolerateddoseof20g/kg.bwfor30-dayswiththreesampleswhichadded0.005%sodiumnitrite,andtheaddedcarboxyhemoglobinwere10%,5%,2.5%,therehadnosignificantdifference(P0.05),ontheweight,foodutilization,bloodindicators,bloodbiochemicalparameters,majororganweightanddirty/body.Comparedwithcontrol,theratswhichfedwiththeporksausagethatadded10%carboxyhemoglobinand0.005%sodiumnitrite,andtherehadnoabnormalchangesingrossanatomyandhistopathology,.Theaboveresultsshowedthatpreliminaryresultofpartialofsodiumnitriteincarboxyhemoglobinporksausagewassafe,andcouldbeusedasapotentialpigmentformeatproduction.(3)Theanalysisofporksausagepigmentcompositionwhichadded0.2%carboxyhemoglobinand0.05%sodiumnitriteshowedthatthegenerationsubstanceofcolormaybecontainsthethermaldenaturationproductcarboxyhemoglobinproductofitsreactionwithsodiumnitrite.Keywords:Carboxyhemoglobin;Acutetoxicitytest;Amestest;Bonemarrow'smanydyeredbloodcellmicronucleartest;Spermmalformationtest;30-daysfeedingtestV致谢本论文的完成离不开导师周存六的细心指导,从研究方向的确定、论文的选题、实验方案的设计、试验的实施以及论文的定稿,都得到了周老师的细致和耐心的指导。在此,衷心感谢周存六老师,感谢他在实验及其他各方面所给予我的关心和照顾。周老师认真严谨的科研态度深深地激励着我,使我受益匪浅。在整个实验研究过程中也得到了生物与食品工程学院其他老师无私的帮助,特别感谢陈从贵老师、王武老师、李军红老师、汪惠丽老师、叶应旺老师、胡建鹏老师等,感谢他们在试验过程中给予我的帮助和支持,使我的实验能够顺利完成,在此向他们表示诚挚的感谢!同时,实验的完成也