大学英语三级考试语法总结•语法考题的涉及面宽•近年考题出现频率最高的:几乎所有词类,三种动词的非谓语形式,名词从句,形容词从句,副词从句,独立主格,主谓一致,倒装,强调,虚拟语气等基本语法知识。•语法考试的重点突出•语法考试的重点为内容庞杂较难掌握的项目,这些项目有时还会反复出现如:虚拟语气,状语从句,定语从句,独立主格,情态动词。1.虚拟语气4.时态14.词形转换2.定语从句3.状语从句11.倒装句12.强调句8.比较级和最高级6.分词作状语7.分词作定语10.同位语9.先行词it15.词组5.被动语态13.动词+-ing/-todo虚拟语气概念:虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想,所说的是一个条件,不一定是事实,或与事实相反。考点:1.由if引导的虚拟条件句If从句主句表示对现在情况的假设过去式did(*be动词用were)should/woulddo*表示对过去情况的假设haddoneshould/would/might/couldhavedone•注意点:条件从句中省略if采用倒装语序的情况•在if引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中,有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if省去,而将had,should,were等词提到主语之前,即用倒装结构。练习题:1.Ifhehadtakenthelawyer’sadvice,he(save)__________himselfagreatdealoftrouble.2.Hemighthavebeenkilledinthatcaraccidentyesterdayifhe(take)__________partinthatactivitywiththeteam.3.__________lastFriday,hewouldhavegottoParis.A.WouldheleaveB.HadheleftC.IfheistoleaveD.Ifhewasleaving4.IfI(be)______you,Iwouldnotmissthejobinterviewtomorrowmorning.考点:2.在表示命令、决定、建议等词语之后的that-分句中,分句谓语动词用“should+动词原形”或直接用动词原型。(1)用在demand,insist(坚持),order,propose,recommend,request,require,suggest等动词之后的that-分句中。Be-型虚拟语气(2)用在advisable(可取的、明智的),desirable(称心合意的),essential(必要的、必不可少的),important,impossible,necessary,proper等形容词后的that-分句中。(3)用在decision,demand,order,requirement(需要)等名词后的that-分句中。练习题:1.Therepresentativeofthecompanydemandedthatpartoftheagreement______revised.A.willbeB.isC.tobeD.be2.ItissuggestedthatthepresidentoftheUnion(make)______aspeechonbehalfofalltheworkers.3.Itisimportantthathe(be)_______calledbackimmediately.考点:3.“情态动词+完成时态”的不同用法(1)*shouldhavedone表示“应当做某事(但是没有做)”shouldn’thavedonesth表示“本不应该做某事(而做了)”(2)musthavedone对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测,表示“一定做了某事”。否定形式是“couldn’thavedone”(3)needn’thavedonesth表示“本没必要做某事(却做了)”(4)wouldliketohavedonesth表示“本打算做某事(却没做)”1.ThisATMhasbeenoutofserviceforafewdays.Itshould__________lastweek.A.fixB.befixedC.havefixedD.havebeenfixed2.Jackmust__________(go)away---wecannotfindhimanywhereinthefactory.练习题:3.Tom______thepartyasnoonesawhimthereyesterdaymorning.A.cannotattendB.mustn’tattendC.won’thaveattendedD.couldn’thaveattended表示“严禁”考点:4、其他特殊句式(1)在Itis(about/high)time+that定语从句中需用虚拟语气,表示“该做……的时候了”,其动词形式用一般过去时或should+动词原形。练习题:Ithinkitishightimewe_______(take)strictmeasurestostoppollution.(2)wish,wouldrather(sooner)后的宾语从句,谓语动词用虚拟语气。动词形式用法a.过去式(did)表示当时未实现的愿望b.过去完成时(haddone)表示过去未实现的愿望c.过去将来时(woulddo)表示将来不大可能实现的愿望•一、形容词性从句概要•定义:形容词性从句一般称为定语从句,在句子中起定语作用,修饰一个名词或代词,有时可修饰一个句子。•结构:被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词的后面,由关系词引导。•先行词+关系词+定语从句形容词性从句定语从句1.Hereisaboy,andhedamagedthevase.Hereistheboy(whodamagedthevase).先行词关系代词(作主语)2.Mycousinisanengineer,andhewenttoEuropelastweek.Mycousin,whoisanengineer,wenttoEuropelastweek.先行词关系代词(作主语)二、定语从句的分类限制性关系分句非限制性关系分句1限制性关系分句和它的先行项的所指意义有着不可分割的联系,缺少了它,作为先行项的名词(词组)便不能明确表示其所指对象。非限制性关系分句和它的先行项之间只有比较松散的联系,因此,如果省略一个非限制性关系分句,并不影响先行项的所指意义。2在口语中前后没有停顿,在书写中通常不用逗号。在口语中有停顿,在书写中常用逗号隔开。3Hereistheboywhodamagedthevase.Mycousin,whoisanengineer,wenttoEuropelastweek.限制性关系分句非限制性关系分句指人指物指人指物作主语whothatwhichthatwho/whom/whosewhich作宾语whom/who/that/zerowhich/that/zero作介词补足成分whomwhich定语从句中关系代词的选择成分关系代词定语从句中关系副词的选择1.when表示时间2.where表示地点3.why表示原因它们在定语从句中都充当状语成分。1.Theadvertisingcompanyrecentlyhiredadesigner____hadoncewonaprizeinanationalcontest.A.whoseB.whichC.whomD.who2.Itisimportanttoprovideanenvironment______peopleareencouragedtomakesuggestionsatalllevelsofthecompany.A.fromwhichB.onwhichC.inwhichD.forwhich练习题:3.OncemoreIhavetoleaveBeijing,____Ihavebeenlivingforeightyears.A.thatB.whereC.whichD.as4.Thereisnoevidence____oilpricewillcomedowninthenearfuture.(同位语)A.whichB.thatC.whereD.as5.Itwasnotsuchagoodjob____shehadreadaboutintheadvertisement.A.likeB.whichC.asD.what状语从句1.时间状语从句当…时候when,while,as在…之前before在…之后after一…就…assoonas,themoment,theminute,theinstant直到直到…才until/tillnot…until/till词例含义1.Thenewstaffdidn’tknowhowtousethesystem______Iexplainedittohimyesterday.A.untilB.becauseC.ifD.since2.Theyhadtalkedonlyforafewminutes______theyfoundtheywereofdifferentopinions.A.unlessB.whileC.beforeD.once3.IwillaskMr.Smithtoringyouup_______hecomesbacktotheoffice.A.whenB.whereC.becauseD.although4.Theywillnotstarttheprojectuntiltheboardchairman______backfromSouthAfrica.A.willcomeB.iscomingC.cameD.comes类别词例2条件状语从句if如果unless除非,若不3原因状语从句because因为since既然4让步状语从句though/although虽然evenif/though即使5结果状语从句so+a./ad.+that如此…以至于6目的状语从句sothatinorderthatincase以免、以防万一lest免得目的是…5.Hewasattendingameeting,______hewouldhavecometoyourpartyyesterday.A.unlessB.whenC.butD.or6.Shedidnotgotothepartylastnight,______shehadtofinishhertermpaper.A.ifB.thoughC.tillD.because7.Young______heis,hehasprovedtobeanablesalesman.A.thatB.whoC.asD.whichas构成的让步状语从句:名词词组/形容词+as+主语+谓语尽管他是个孩子,他对软件编程却知道很多。Childasheis,heknowsmuchaboutsoftwareprogramming.一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态现在writewritesamisarehashavehashave过去wrotewaswerehadwrittenhadbeenwriting将来shallwillshallwillshallwillshallwill过去将来shouldwouldshouldwouldshouldwouldshouldwouldwritingwrittenbeenwritingwritingwritebewritinghavewrittenhavebeenwritingwritebewritinghavewrittenhavebeenwriting现在完成时has/havedone用法已完成未完成动作或过程发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间,现在已完成并和现在情况联系。是指动作或状态从过去某时开始继续到现在,可能继续下去.例句e.g.He’sturnedoffthelight.e.g.H