第17讲 阅读理解词义猜测题（精讲精炼）-【一轮复习讲义】2024年高考英语高频考点题型归纳与方法总

资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】【一轮复习讲义】2024年高考英语高频考点题型归纳与方法总结（新高考通用）第17讲阅读理解词义猜测题（精讲精炼）题型目录一览推测划线单词或短语的含义推测代词含义推测划线句含义一，词义猜测题目常见的设问方式1.Theword“...”referto/probablemeans______.2.Theunderlinedword“...”couldbestbereplacedby______.3.Whatdoyouthinktheexpression“...”standsfor?4.Bysaying“...”wemean_____.5.“...”asusedinthepassagecanbestbedefinedas______.二，猜测词义的方法1，通过上下文来猜测词义2，通过构词法（1）转化：形式不变，词性变。如：studyn.研究，调查----v.学习；freeadj.空闲的---v.释放。（2）合成词：由两个或两个以上的单词构成。如：合成动词outact,合成形容词heart-broken,合成名词classmate等。（3）派生词：加前缀或后缀。如：dishonest,indifferent,worker,suggestion等。三，解题技巧1，利用指代关系猜测代词词义：代词指代的内容，要通过仔细阅读前几句的内一、知识点梳理资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】容，推测主要是看前面句子所出现的名词或相当于名词的表达。2.利用定义词或同位语来猜测词义：通过阅读定义和解释部分，可了解基本含义。线索词有that,which,is，or，thatis,inotherwords等。还有的同位语以括号或破折号的形式出现。3.利用举例来猜测词义。4.利用对比或比较的词语来猜测词义，如反义词或者能体现对比关系的词汇，主要有but,yet,however,while,instead,onthecontrary等。5.利用因果关系来猜测词义：一定的原因会导致一定的结果。常见的表示因果关系的词汇有：since,as,because,for,so,thus,consequently.6.利用经验和常识猜测。题型一推测划线单词或短语的含义【典例1】(2022·全国甲卷)AsGinniBazlintonreachedAntarctica,shefoundherselfgreetedbyagroupoflittleGentoopenguins(企鹅)longingtosayhello.Thesegentle,lovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverforget.Eversinceherchildhood,Ginni,now71,hashadadeeplovefortravel.Throughouthercareer(职业)asaprofessionaldancer,shetouredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplorefurther.Whensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventuallyflewthenest,shedecideditwastimetotaketheplunge.AftertakingadegreeatChichesterUniversityinRelatedArts,Ginnibegantotraveltheworld,eventuallygettingworkteachingEnglishinJapanandChile.AnditwasinChileshediscoveredshecouldgetlast-minutecheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoffTierradelFuego,thesouthernmosttipoftheSouthAmericanmainland.“IjustdecidedIwantedtogo,”shesays.“IhadnoideaaboutwhatI'dfindthereandIwasn'tnervous,Ijustwantedtodoit.AndIwantedtodoitaloneasIalwayspreferitthatway.”InMarch2008,Ginniboardedashipwith48passengersshe'dnevermetbefore,tobeginthejourneytowardsAntarctica.“Fromseeingthewildlifetowitnessingsunrises,thewholeexperiencewasamazing.Antarcticaleftanimpressiononmethatnootherplacehas,”Ginnisays.“IrememberthefirsttimeIsawahumpbackwhale;itjust资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】roseoutofthewaterlikesomeprehistoriccreatureandIthoughtitwassmilingatus.Youcouldstillheartheoperaticsoundsitwasmakingunderwater.”Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland,toberespectedbyhumans,wasoneofthebiggestthingsthathithometoGinni.28.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“taketheplunge”underlinedinparagraph2?A.Trychallengingthings.B.Takeadegree.C.Bringbacklostmemories.D.Sticktoapromise.28.【解析】选A。词义猜测题。根据第二段“Throughouthercareerasaprofessionaldancer,shetouredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplorefurther.Whensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventuallyflewthenest,shedecideditwastimetotaketheplunge.”可知,在她的舞蹈演员职业生涯中,她曾在英国巡演,但一直渴望进一步探索。在她不再跳舞且她的儿子们最终成家立业后,她决定是时候冒险了。据此可以判断,taketheplunge意为“尝试具有挑战性的事情”。故选A。【典例2】(2022·全国乙卷)Canasmallgroupofdrones(无人机)guaranteethesafetyandreliabilityofrailwaysand,atthesametime,helprailwayoperatorssavebillionsofeuroseachyear?Thatistheverylikelyfutureofapplyingtoday's“eyesinthesky”technologytomakingsurethatthemillionsofkilometresofrailtracksandinfrastructure(基础设施)worldwidearesafefortrainsona24/7basis.Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.Themoreregularlytheycanbeinspected,themorerailwaysafety,reliabilityandon-timeperformancewillbeimproved.Costswouldbecutandoperationswouldbemoreefficient(高效)acrosstheboard.Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews'efforts.Byusingthelatesttechnologies,dronescouldalsostartprovidinghigher-valueservicesforrailways,detecting资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】faultsintherailorswitches,beforetheycancauseanysafetyproblems.Toperformthesetasks,dronesforraildon'tneedtobeflyingoverhead.Engineersarenowworkingonanewconcept:theraildronesofthefuture.Theywillbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain,andprogrammedtorunautonomously.VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAIandtravellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead,theycouldsignalanyproblem,sothatfast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.29.Whatdoes“maintenance”underlinedinparagraph3referto?A.Personnelsafety.B.Assistancefromdrones.C.Inspectionandrepair.D.Constructionofinfrastructure.29.【解析】选C。词义猜测题。根据后文“ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.(据统计,仅欧洲铁路公司每年在铁路维护上的花费就约为200亿欧元,其中包括经常在夜间派遣维修人员检查和维修铁路基础设施。)”可知,花在“maintenance”上的费用是用于“inspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure(检查和维修铁路基础设施)”的,由此可知“Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofr