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重难点04阅读理解主旨大意题高考阅读理解对文章的主旨大意进行命题，旨在考查考生通过对原文快速浏览正确获取语篇的大意，并对文章的主题、标题、段落、中心思想加以归纳理解以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中心情节，体会作者的主要意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、中心论点及作者的情感倾向。预计2024年高考主旨大意题仍旧占比0-1题。近3年新高考主旨大意题数据分析试卷类型年份篇序体裁话题题量新高考I卷2023D议论文集体商议的智慧1新高考II卷2023B记叙文学校菜园项目1新高考I卷2022D说明文语音演变1新高考II卷2022C说明文科学技术1新高考I卷2021D议论文情商的科学1新高考II卷2021C说明文推动艺术教育的发展1规律方法1：如何精确归纳标题？1、利用主题段来概括标题主题段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般来说第一段经常提出文章的主题或最后一段总结文章的主题，知道了文章的主题也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句话或一个短语——文章的标题。2、利用主题句来概括标题解题的关键是要抓住每一段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。做此类题时，要避免以下三种错误：(1)概括不够(多表现为部分替代整体，从而缩小了范围)；(2)过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)；(3)以事实、细节替代文章大意。规律方法2：如何概括文章大意？1.做概括文章大意题时，有效的方法就是辨认主题句。主题句具有简洁性、概括性的特点，文章的中心思想往往是每段主题句的综合。若文章无主题句，这就需要我们依据文中的事实、细节、观点去进行分析、推断和归纳，从而概括出文章大意。2.在选择答案时，根据自己总结的大意，就可以用排除法将干扰项逐个排除。规律方法3：如何总结段落大意？段落大意即某一段的中心思想，通常中心思想会在首句体现出来，这就是常说的段落主题句。主题句具有鲜明的概括性，句子结构简单，段落中其他句子均用来解释、支撑或扩展主题句所表达的主题思想。主题句通常位于段首，也可位于段尾、段中。有时作者没有写出明显的主题句，要学会根据段落内容去概括主题句。0典例一（2023·新高考卷IIB篇）Turningsoil,pullingweeds,andharvestingcabbagesoundliketoughworkformiddleandhighschoolkids.Andatfirstitis,saysAbbyJaramillo,whowithanotherteacherstartedUrbanSprouts,aschoolgardenprogramatfourlow-incomeschools.Theprogramaimstohelpstudentsdevelopscienceskills,environmentalawareness,andhealthylifestyles.Jaramillo’sstudentsliveinneighborhoodswherefreshfoodandgreenspacearenoteasytofindandfastfoodrestaurantsoutnumbergrocerystores.“Thekidsliterallycometoschoolwithbagsofsnacksandlargebottlesofsoftdrinks,”shesays.“Theycometousthinkingvegetablesareawful,dirtisawful,insectsareawful.”Thoughsomeareinitiallyscaredoftheinsectsandturnedoffbythedirt,mostareeagertotrysomethingnew.UrbanSprouts’classes,attwomiddleschoolsandtwohighschools,includehands-onexperimentssuchassoiltesting,flower-and-seeddissection,tastingsoffreshordriedproduce,andworkinthegarden.Severaltimesayear,studentscookthevegetablestheygrow,andtheyoccasionallymakesaladsfortheirentireschools.典例分析Programevaluationsshowthatkidseatmorevegetablesasaresultoftheclasses.“Wehavestudentswhosaytheywenthomeandtalkedtotheirparentsandnowthey’reeatingdifferently,”Jaramillosays.Sheaddsthattheprogram’sbenefitsgobeyondnutrition.Somestudentsgetsointerestedingardeningthattheybringhomeseedstostarttheirownvegetablegardens.Besides,workinginthegardenseemstohaveacalmingeffectonJaramillo’sspecialeducationstudents,manyofwhomhaveemotionalcontrolissues.“Theygetoutside,”shesays,“andtheyfeelsuccessful.”8．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．RescuingSchoolGardensB．ExperiencingCountryLifeC．GrowingVegetableLoversD．ChangingLocalLandscape典例二（2023·新高考卷ID篇）OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.9．Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A．Themethodsofestimation.B．Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C．Thecausesofpeople’serrors.D．ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.（建议用时：10分钟/篇）1.（2023·山东·统考二模）AstudyfromtheUniversityofMontrealandtheMontrealMuseumofFineArts,publishedinFrontiersinMedicine,foundthatregularvirtualvisitstomuseumscouldhelpseniorsstaymentallyactiveandcomewithahostofadditionalhealthbenefits.That’sbecausethesedigitalconnectionscanmakeretireesfeellesslonelyandisolated(孤立的).Socialisolationhasbeenassociatedwiththerisksforheartdiseaseandthedeclineofrecognitionabilitiesinseniorsandthepandemic(疫情)increasedtherisksduetotheneedforseniorstostayhomeandisolate,accordingtoapressreleasefromtheuniversity.Theresearchersinvestigatedthepotentialbenefitsofweeklyvirtualvisitsforathree-monthperiod.Theparticipantswerepeopleaged65andolderwholivedinMontreal.Halfoftheparticipantstookpartinonlinevisitsandadiscussionafterwards,whilethecontrolgroupdidnotparticipateinanyculturaleventsatall.Thegroupwhoparticipatedinthevirtualvisitsshowedimprovementsintheirqualityoflife.“Ourstudyshowedthatart-basedactivitiesmaybeaneffectiveintervention(干预),”leadauthorDr.OlivierBeauchet,aprofessorattheUniversityofMontreal,saidinthepressrelease.“Onaglobalscale,thisparticipatoryart-basedactivitycouldbecomeamodelthatcouldbeofferedinmuseumsandartsinstitutionsworldwidetopromoteactiveandhealthyaging.”TheproposalreflectsapproachesrecommendedbytheWorldHealthOrganizationtomanagecertaindiseases,accordingtoBeauchet.Forinstance,theWHOlaunchedtheAgingandHealthProgramin2015thatincludedusingcommunity-basedorganizationstopromotecultureasakeycomponent(成分)ofimprovinghealth.Traditionally,thesesortsofpreventivehealthactivitieshavetakenpla