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专题08阅读理解之词义猜测题2020-2023年高考英语阅读理解考情分析项目年份卷别语篇类型题型应用文记叙文说明文议论文细节理解推理判断主旨要义词义猜测2023新高考I卷ABC/D6711新高考Ⅱ卷ABC/D8331全国甲卷ABC/D951全国乙卷BA/CD58112022新高考I卷ACDB10311新高考Ⅱ卷ABC/D7512全国甲卷AC/DB8331全国乙卷AC/DB112112021新高考I卷ABC/D6621新高考Ⅱ卷ABC/D9411全国甲卷ACBD6711全国乙卷A/B/C/D48212020新高考I卷AB/CD7512全国I卷AC/DB4821全国Ⅱ卷ADB/C8232从以上表格可以看出，高考英语对于词义猜测题的考查，每年都有一到两题，它包括单词词义猜测、短语猜测和句子猜测。在说明文尤其是科技类说明文中，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语进行解释。常见的有对该词下定义或后跟同位语、定语从句、冒号、破折号、括号等引出解释说明部分。通过阅读定义或解释部分，读者便可理解该词或短语的意思。词义猜测题常用解题方法：定义法、对比法、因果法、常识联想法、例举法、语境线索法、构词法等。猜词题可以使用以下口决：1.指代词：出现指代往前找，单复人物要看好；2.半熟悉词，利用构词法：半生不熟看构词，结合语境来把持；3.纯生词，则利用逻辑关系、同义解释、上下文语境：同义语境和逻辑，上下求索寻真义。题型归纳题型01定义法【题型诠释】有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释。一般通过定义、定语从句、同位语短语或从句等来确定词义。有时通过or,thatis,thatistosay,namely,inotherwords等来释义。需要解释的单词和短语大多是专有名词、生僻词或文中较重要的词。标点符号，如逗号后的解释(名词同位语)、破折号后的解释、括号内的解释等。定义常用的谓语动词多为：be,mean,dealwith,beconsideredtobe,becalled,define,represent,referto,signify(意味，表明)等。这都是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。【典例1】(安徽省合肥市第168中学高二上学期期末考试)Eatyourvegetables.Washyourhands.Alwayssay“please”and“thankyou”.Wearefullofadviceforourchildren,butwhenitcomestomoney,weoftenhavelittletosay.Asaresult,ourchildrenmaygrowupwithcleanhandsandgoodmanners,butwithoutanyideahowtomanagetheirmoney.Herearesomebasicsthatwillhelpguidethemtheirentirelives：Showthemthefuture.Ifyour13-year-oldgirlweretosave1,000,invest(投资)itat81.000,invest(投资)itat8,100everymonth,bythetimeshe’s65,shewouldhave$980,983!Becarefulofcredit(信用).Creditcardscanhelpyoubuynecessarythingsandbuildacredithistory,buttheymustbeusedresponsibly,whichmeanspayingoffyourdebtintime.Explaintoyourchildrenthatwhenyoubuysomethingusingacreditcard,youcaneasilyenduppayingtwoorthreetimeswhatyouwouldhavepaidifyouusedcash.Teachpatience.Supposeyourchildwantsanewbicyclethatcosts150.Ratherthanpayingthecash,givehimsomeregularpocketmoneyandexplainthatbyputtingaside,say,150.Ratherthanpayingthecash,givehimsomeregularpocketmoneyandexplainthatbyputtingaside,say,15eachweek,hewillbeabletobuyitforhimselfinonlytenweeks.Provideincentive.Tellyourchildrentheimportanceofsaving.“Foreverydollarheorsheagreestosaveandinvestratherthanspend,youagreetoaddanotherdollartothepot,”saysCathyPareto,expertinmoneyplanning.解这类题时，学生要学会分析句子结构，把握句子的主干部分，利用好一些标识词，然后做出恰当的猜测。Explainyourvalues.Valuesandmoneyaredeeplyintertwined(缠结在一起),saysEilleenGallo,co-authorofTheFinanciallyIntelligentParent.Whenyourchilddemandsthatyoubuysomething,explainwhyyoureallydon’twanttobuyit.“Youmightsay,‘I’drathersavethatmoneyforyoureducation,’”advisesGallo.Everytimeyouspendordon’tspendmoney,youhaveachancetoshareyourvalues.2.Theunderlinedword“incentive”inparagraph5means________.A.honorB.praiseC.excitementD.encouragement【答案】D【解析】词义猜测推理题。根据Tellyourchildrentheimportanceofsaving.“Foreverydollarheorsheagreestosaveandinvestratherthanspend,youagreetoaddanotherdollartothepot,”saysCathyPareto...引号中的一段话及本段内容是鼓励孩子学会节约，学会节省，故该词应该是指鼓励。故D正确。题型02对比法【题型诠释】我们还可以利用前后对比来猜测词义。转折连词“but”、让步状语从句、条件从句和“unlike”,“inspiteof”,“onthecontrary”,“ontheotherhand”,“however”等介词、副词能构成前后意义上的对比关系。而as,like,justasalso等词则可以帮助构成意义上相似、成份上对应的比较关系。这些都是我们解决猜词的标识词语。【典例2】（2023·北京海淀·石家庄市第四十二中学统考一模）AtamuseuminVietnam,LenaBui’sfilmWhereBirdsDanceTheirLastreflectedonthebeautyandvulnerabilityofVietnamesefeatherfarmsafterBirdFlu.DuringafestivalinRwanda,EllenReid’saudioexperienceSoundwalkwassharedinahopefuldiscussionaboutmusic,parksandmentalhealth.TheseareafewofthethingsIhavehelpedbringtolifeovertheyears,workingattheintersectionofscientificresearch,theartsandadvocacytosupportscienceinsolvingglobalhealthchallenges.Scienceiskeytoaddressingtheseissues.Butitisn’ttheonlykey.Toachieveitspotentialandforitsadvancestobeimplementedandreachallwhocouldbenefit,sciencedependsontrustandgoodrelationships.Peoplemightnotalwaysseescienceasrelevant,trustworthyormeaningfultotheirlives.Therearereasonswhysomeseescienceashavingachequeredpast,fromnuclearweaponstoeugenics,andarethereforeuninterestedin,orsuspiciousof,whatitproposes.Othersfeelexcludedbytheincomprehensibilityofhyperspecialistknowledge.看准标识词，弄清楚它们的意思，再通过上下文进行猜测。有些是表示相似的标识词，有些是表示相反的标识词。Initscapacitytobuilduponandtestanevidencebase,scienceispowerful,butresearchersandfundershaven’tbeenasgoodatensuringthisevidencebaserespondstotheneedsandinterestsofdiversecommunities,orinformspolicymakerstotakeaction.Sciencemightbeperceivedasdistancingitselffromthepersonal,thepoeticandthepolitical,yetitispreciselythesequalitiesthatcanbemostinfluentialwhenitcomestopublicinterestinatopicorhowagovernmentprioritizesadecision.Amovingstorywelltoldcanbemorememorablethanalistoffacts.Thisiswheretheartscomein.Artistscangiveusdifferentperspectiveswithwhichtoconsiderandreimaginetheworldtogether.Theycanredresstheproclaimedobjectivityinsciencebybringingstories—subjectivities—intothepicture,andthesecanhelpfosterasenseofconnectionandhope.In2012,Isetupartistresidenciesinmedicalresearchcentresaroundtheworld.BuiwasattachedtotheOxfordUniversityClinicalResearchUnitinVietnam.Theheadoftheresearchteamwasdelighted,findingthatBui,asaVietnameseartist,hadlicensetobein,andtoshareusefulinsightsfrom,villageswhereinfectiousdiseaser