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专题09阅读理解之主旨大意题2020-2023年高考英语阅读理解考情分析项目年份卷别语篇类型题型应用文记叙文说明文议论文细节理解推理判断主旨要义词义猜测2023新高考I卷ABC/D6711新高考Ⅱ卷ABC/D8331全国甲卷ABC/D951全国乙卷BA/CD58112022新高考I卷ACDB10311新高考Ⅱ卷ABC/D7512全国甲卷AC/DB8331全国乙卷AC/DB112112021新高考I卷ABC/D6621新高考Ⅱ卷ABC/D9411全国甲卷ACBD6711全国乙卷A/B/C/D48212020新高考I卷AB/CD7512全国I卷AC/DB4821全国Ⅱ卷ADB/C8232一篇文章一般表达一个中心或主题。这个中心或主题通常用一个句子来概括，此句叫主题句，这类题主要考查读者把握全文内容或理解中心思想的，也包括分析归纳文章段落大意、重要情节、人物特征、写作特点的。一般说来说明文和议都有主题句，而且多位于文章的开头，有时也位于文章的中间或末尾。但有时不能直接在文章中直接找到主题句，在弄清段与段之间逻辑关系的根底上自己归纳总结。主题句必须能简洁明了地概括全文的主要内容，具有高度的综合性和概括性，文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步的解释、说明、论证或拓展。题型归纳题型01段落大意题【题型诠释】一、常见设问方式WhatdoestheauthortellusinParagraph...?Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyis________.Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout________.WhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizePara.1?Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?二、首尾兼顾法寻找主题句：1.段首段尾：段首--主题句多为段首一两句(观点或对象)；段尾--主题句也常为段尾句(结论或总结)。2.段中：主题句有时在段中(前面的话是为引出主题）。3.无主题句：有时没有主题句，需根据段落内容自己概括。【典例1】（2023上·广东广州·高三华南师大附中校考阶段练习）Anyonecanbelateahandfuloftimes,buttobethepersonwhoisalwayslate—that’sanart,afrustratingart.Or,asideeffectofyourpersonality,scientistshavefound.Sowhatisitthatcausessomepeopletoconstantlymisstrains,makeittotheweddingjustafterthebride’sshownupandregularlyannoytheirfriends?Andwhyisitsohardforustofixit?“Thereareallsortsofpunishmentsforbeinglate,butwearestilllateevenwhenthosepunishmentsandconsequencesexist.”saidJustinKruger,asocialpsychologistatNewYorkUniversity.Oneofthecommonestreasonswhypeoplearefrequentlylateisthat-theyfailtoaccuratelyjudgehowlongataskwilltake—somethingknownastheplanningfallacy.Researchhasshownthatpeopleonaverageunderestimatethetunetocompleteataskbyasignificant40percent.Besides,forever-late-comersaremorelikelytobemultitaskers.A2023studyfoundthatoutof181subwayoperatorsinNewYorkCity,thosewhopreferredmultitaskingweremoreoftenlatefortheirjob.Thisisbecausemultitaskingmakesithardertohavetheawarenessofwhatyou’redoing.It’salsodiscoveredthereisapersonalitytypethat’smorelikelytobelate.Whilehighlynervous,achievement-orientedTypeAindividualsarcmorepossibletobepunctual,TypeBindividuals,however,whoarecalmerandmorerelaxed,haveahigherchancetobelate.Admittedly,knowingallofthisdoesn’tnecessarilyhelpfixtheproblem.Butscientistsarestartingtoworkonstrategiesthatcanslowlyimproveourpunctuality.Forpeoplewhoconstantlyunderestimatetasks,breakingdown归纳段落大意的2种方法：方法一、概括段落大意：(1)总分——主题句就在段首；(2)分总——主题句就在段尾；(3)分总分——主题句在段中；(4)总分总——主题句在段首/段尾；(5)并列式行文，这种结构的段落一般会在一段中讨论两个平行的内容，整个段落可以从中间处分开，前后是平行关系，段落大意涉及两个平行的内容；(6)对比各事物的文章，段落大意是两个事物的共同点或不同点。方法二、揣摩段落大意：作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者。anactivityintodetailedstepscanhelppeopleestimatehowlongsomethingwilltakemoreaccurately.Asforyourpersonalitytype,unfortunately,thereisn’tmuchyoucandotochangethat.Butacceptingthatyouneedtostruggleforitmayjusthelp.Acceptance,afterall,isthefirststeptochange.30.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.Latecomersshouldbeseverelypunished.B.Timemanagementcontributestosuccess.C.Thehabitofbeinglateisrelatedtocharacter.D.Acceptingyourpersonalityimprovespunctuality.【答案】C【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及第一段“Anyonecanbelateahandfuloftimes,buttobethepersonwhoisalwayslate—that’sanart,afrustratingart.Or,asideeffectofyourpersonality,scientistshavefound.”（任何人都可能迟到几次，但做一个总是迟到的人，那是一种艺术，一种令人沮丧的艺术。或者，这是你性格的副作用，科学家们发现。）和后文对迟到的人的特征的分析可知，本文主要介绍了迟到的习惯与性格有关。故选C项。题型02文章大意题【题型诠释】一、提问方式What’sthemainidea/pointofthepassage?Thepassageismainlyabout________.Thepassageismainlyconcernedabout________.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainideaofthepassage?Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainidea/themeofthepassage?Inthispassagetheauthordiscussesprimarily________.Thesubjectdiscussedinthistextis________.Thegeneral/mainideaofthepassageisabout________.二、主旨大意归纳法：1.略读法：读文章标题；读首尾段落；读段落首尾句；留意表句段关系的关联词之后的内容。2.文体法：新闻报道、议论文和说明文--主题句在首段；记叙文、议论文--主题句一般在尾段。3.词语法：在文中出现频率较高的主题词。4.概括法：无主题句的文章，需读者自己概括大意。✱找主题句的技巧：1.段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however,but,infact,actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。2.首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3.作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。4.表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore,thus,inshort,conclude,conclusion等词，通常是主旨。【典例2】(2023·北京·清华附中校考三模)Avideocirculatedonsocialmediaearlierthisyear,showingatouristopeningthedoorofavehicle,reachingoutanarmandattemptingtostrokeapassinglioness.Thelionessshruggedhimoff,butitcouldhaveeasilygonehorriblywrong.Recklessbehaviouraroundwildliferisksthesafetyofbothpeopleandanimals.Peopleriskbeingattacked,mauled(撕咬)andpossiblykilled,whileanimalscanbeharmed,removedorputdown,irrespectiveofwhethertheywereonlydefendingthemselves.Animalattackscanalsocastadestinationinanegativelight,causingtemporaryclosuresorscaringoffvisitors.Alljustsosomeonecouldboastthattheyhadstrokedalionorcapturedamomentonacameraphone.“Touristsaregettingmoreandmorerecklessaroundwildlifeandthesourceoftheproblemissocialmedia.”sayswildlifephotographerAnetteMosshachers.“Peopleriskingtheirlivesordoingstupidthingswithwildlifeareafter‘likes’andfollowers,somethingtoshowoffonsocialmedia,”saysMossbacher.“Thegreatertherisk,themore‘likes’theyget.Withsomeclients,itseemslikeasicknessoraddiction.”Yetsocialmediaisnotentirelytoblame.Peoplehavealwaystakenrisksforan