专题一 第2讲 非谓语动词

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第2讲非谓语动词非谓语动词是高中英语语法中的重要部分,是高考的必考项目。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、分词(现在分词、过去分词)、动名词,在句子中可以作除谓语以外的其他成分。非谓语动词常考考点主要有动词不定式的功能、现在分词和过去分词的用法区别及非谓语动词的时态、语态、省略等。该项内容考查考生在具体语言环境中理解句子结构和分析句子成分的能力。1.不定式的用法XiaoMingwantstobecome①abasketballstarandhisdreamistoplay②basketballintheNBA.Buthehassomuchhomeworktodo③.Inordertohave④moretimetoplay③basketball,XiaoMingdecidestostudy①hardtoget④ahighscore.Hereallyhopesthathisfatherwillallowhimtoplay⑤basketballeveryday.Tomakehisdreamcometrue⑥isnoteasy.[规则感悟]动词的不定式形式在句子中作什么成分:①作宾语②作表语③作定语④作状语⑤作宾补⑥作主语2.动词-ing形式的用法Reading①isoneofXiaoMeng’shobbies.Sinceshewasachild,shehasbeendreamingofbecoming②awriter.Lastmonth,shereadabookdescribing③lovebetweenaprinceandasleeping④beauty—agirlwhosegiftwassolving⑤difficultproblemsinherdreams.Thegirloftenfoundherselfsolving⑥problemswhilesleeping⑦soundly,making⑧herpartnersshocked.Thebookisveryinteresting⑤.XiaoMengreallyenjoysreading②thenovelandimaginessolving②difficultproblemsinherowndreams.[规则感悟]动词-ing形式在句子中作什么成分:①作主语②作宾语③作后置定语④作前置定语⑤作表语⑥作宾补⑦⑧作状语3.过去分词的用法Praised①bymyteacher,Ifeltpleased②.ThereasonwhyIwaspraisedwasthatIpickedupalost③cellphoneandreturnedittotheowner.Theincidentmademyparentsamazed④.[规则感悟]动词的过去分词形式在句子中作什么成分:①作状语②作表语③作定语④作宾补种类形式主动被动主语宾语宾补表语定语状语不定式一般式todotobedone√√√√√√进行式tobedoing×完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone动名词一般式doingbeingdone√√×√√×完成式havingdonehavingbeendone分词现在分词一般式doingbeingdone××√√√√完成式havingdonehavingbeendone过去分词一般式done(vi.)表完成done(vt.)表被动与完成××√√√√Hearinghowothersreacttothebookyouhavejustreadcreatesanaddedpleasure.听别人对你刚读过的这本书的反应会带来额外的乐趣。It’stimeIgotdowntothinkingaboutthatessay.我该认真思考一下那篇论文了。Askedwhathadhappened,heloweredhishead.问他发生了什么事的时候,他低下了头。Tomtookataxitotheairport,onlytofindhisplanehighupinthesky.汤姆乘出租车去了机场,结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。Havingbeenignoredforalongtime,theboysittingatthebackfeltboredandwentout.因长时间被忽视,坐在后面的那个男孩感到枯燥就出去了。TherearestillmanyproblemstobesolvedbeforewearereadyforalongstayontheMoon.在我们准备在月球上长住之前,还有很多问题需要解决。CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsideredtohaveinventedthefirstcomputer.人们一致认为查尔斯·巴贝奇发明了第一台计算机。对点练习1.Activitiesthererangefromwhalewatchingtohiking(远足)andaccommodationsaim________________(have)alowimpactonthenaturalenvironment.(2021·全国乙)2.After________(spend)sometimelookingatallthedefensiveequipmentatthewall,wedecideditwastimeforsomeactionandwhatbetterthantorideonapieceofhistory!(2021·全国甲)3.Theymakegreatgiftsandyouseethemmanytimes____________(decorate)withredenvelopesandmessagesofgoodfortune.(2020·全国Ⅱ)4.Accordingtothestudy,when____________(face)withthenewchallenges,fastwalkersaremorelikelytobeactivewhilequietpeopletendtowalkmoreslowly.5.Mosthighschoolstudentswanttogetintofamousuniversitiesandtheyspendmostoftheirtime____________(review)lessons.1.非谓语动词作主语(1)不定式作主语,一般表示具体某一次的动作。常用it作形式主语,而不定式是真正的主语,放在句末,以使句子保持平衡。Toseeistobelieve.眼见为实。Itisrighttogiveupsmoking.戒烟是正确的。注意在“Itis/was+adj.+for/ofsbtodosth”结构中,若形容词侧重于评价人物的特性、特征,则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用of,此时形容词常为kind,nice,foolish等词,且sb与形容词之间可构成逻辑上的系表关系;若形容词侧重于描写不定式动作的特征、特点,则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用for。Itisgenerousofhimtocontributesomuch.他捐献了这么多真是太慷慨了。Itwasimportantforustolivealow-carbonlife.过一种低碳生活对我们来说很重要。(2)动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念,一般都放在谓语动词前,有时用it作形式主语。Playingwithfireisdangerous.玩火会很危险。注意下面句型中常用动名词作主语:Itis/wasawaste(of...)/nouse/nogooddoingsthItisnousecomplainingwithouttakingaction.不采取行动而只是抱怨是没有用的。Itisnogoodcomingbeforethat.在那之前来没有用。2.非谓语动词作表语(1)不定式作表语多表示某一次具体的、特定的或有待实现的动作。MydreamistoenterPekingUniversity.我的梦想是考入北京大学。Myjobistocleantheroomseveryday.我的工作是每天打扫房间。(2)动名词作表语多指抽象的、概念性的动作,句子主语常是表示无生命的名词或what引导的名词性从句。Ourjobisplayingallkindsofmusic.我们的工作是演奏各种各样的音乐。(3)现在分词、过去分词也可以作表语,现在分词作表语意为“令人……的”;而过去分词作表语意为“人感到……的”。It’swellknownthatatigerlooksveryfrightening.众所周知,老虎看起来令人很害怕。Weweremovedatthenewsthathehaddiedforthemotherland.听到他为国捐躯的消息,我们都很感动。3.非谓语动词作宾语(1)不定式作宾语①常跟不定式作宾语的动词:决心学会想希望,拒绝设法愿假装decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish,refuse,manage,volunteer,pretend主动答应选计划,同意请求帮一帮offer,promise,choose,plan,agree,ask/beg,helpMyEnglishteacherpromisedtolendsomebookstome.我的英语老师答应借给我一些书。Weagreedtomeetattheschoolgate.我们一致同意在校门口见面。②动词tell,show,understand,know,explain,teach,learn,advise等常接“疑问词+动词不定式”作宾语。Pleasetellmewhentostarttheproject.请告诉我何时开始这个项目。③在某些动词如find,think,consider,feel,make,believe后,常用it作形式宾语,然后加宾语补足语,最后加不定式作真正的宾语。Wethinkitourdutytoprotecttheenvironment.我们认为保护环境是我们的责任。(2)动名词作宾语①常跟动名词作宾语的动词(短语):考虑建议盼原谅,承认推迟没得想consider,suggest/advise,lookforwardto,excuse/pardon,admit,delay/putoff,fancy避免错过继续练,否认完成就欣赏avoid,miss,goon/keepon,practise,deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate禁止想象才冒险,不禁介意准避免forbid,imagine,risk,can’thelp,mind,allow/permit,escapeHetriedtoavoidansweringmyquestions.他试图对我的问题避而不答。Weonlymissedseeingeachotherbyfiveminutes.我们只因差五分钟而未能见面。Mymothercouldn’thelpsmilingwhensheheardthegoodnews.听到那个好消息,我妈妈情不自禁地笑起来。②介词后要跟动名词作宾语,但是介词but后跟不定式作宾语。In1993,Chinaused1.2billiontonsofcoalforheatingandgeneratingelectricity.1993年,中国烧掉了12亿吨煤用于供热和发电。Aftereatinginherrestaurantpeoplewouldbecometiredveryquickly.人们在她的餐馆里吃过饭以后,很快就会感到疲乏。Theyhadnochoicebuttowaithere.他们别无选择只有在这儿等待。③由“动词+介词”构成的短语,其后跟动名词作宾语,常见的有be/getusedto(习惯于),feellike(想要),insiston(坚持),getdownto(开始),devote.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