第3讲形容词和副词Iboughtaninteresting①novelyesterday.Thebookissointeresting②thatIcanhardlyletgoofit.Worried③aboutmystudy,mymothertookitaway.However,Ifoundmymotherabsorbed④init.Mymotherisreadingthenovelattentively⑤nowandsheisquite⑤movedbyit.Obviously⑥,shewon’treturnthebooktomesoon.[规则感悟]①修饰名词,往往用形容词作定语。②在系动词之后,往往用形容词作表语。③表示情绪和精神状态的形容词可以作状语。④在“感官或使役动词+宾语”之后,形容词可以作宾补,说明宾语的状态。⑤副词可以描述某个动作的情况或者描述动作、行为或状态的程度。⑥副词可以放在句首,作评论性状语,修饰整个句子。1.形容词的构词规则类别例词加-ycloud→cloudy,luck→lucky,health→healthy,fog→foggy加-(e)dgift→gifted,talent→talented,advance→advanced,excite→excited加-ingsurprise→surprising,convince→convincing,frighten→frightening,appeal→appealing,reward→rewarding,invite→inviting加-ful/-lessmeaning→meaningful/meaningless,care→careful/careless,help→helpful/helpless,harm→harmful/harmless,colour→colourful/colourless,use→useful/useless,thank→thankful/thankless加-ablecomfort→comfortable,knowledge→knowledgeable,accept→acceptable,respect→respectable加-ousdanger→dangerous,courage→courageous,humour→humorous-ce变为-tconfidence→confident,difference→different加-almusic→musical,person→personal,nation→national,education→educational,tradition→traditional加-lyfriend→friendly,week→weekly,love→lovely加-enwood→wooden,wool→woolen加-ive/-ativeattract→attractive,talk→talkative,prevent→preventive,protect→protective其他常见变化energy→energetic,fool→foolish,pleasure→pleasant/pleased,science→scientific注意以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节名词加后缀-y变成形容词时,要双写该辅音字母再加-y,如:sun→sunny,fun→funny等。以-e结尾的名词加-y变形容词时要去掉e再加-y,如:noise→noisy,ice→icy,taste→tasty等。2.形容词变副词的规则类别例词(1)一般形容词变副词直接在其后加-ly。quick→quickly,anxious→anxiously(2)以辅音字母+e结尾的形容词直接加-ly,以元音字母+e结尾的形容词去掉e再加-ly。immediate→immediately,polite→politely,true→truly(3)以辅音字母+le结尾的形容词要去掉e再加-y。possible→possibly,probable→probably(4)以辅音字母+y结尾的形容词要变y为i再加-ly。happy→happily,healthy→healthily(5)以ic结尾的形容词要在其后加-ally。economic→economically,basic→basically(6)以ll结尾的形容词要在其后加-y。full→fully,dull→dully注意下面这两个单词是特殊的形式:whole→whollypublic→publicly3.常见的以-ly结尾的形容词(1)表示时间的形容词:hourly每小时的;daily每天的;weekly每周的;monthly每月的;yearly每年的;timely及时的,适时的。(2)表示人的形容词:manly有男子气概的;womanly女性特有的;motherly慈母般的;fatherly慈父般的;comradely同志般的。(3)表示人的外貌、特征、性格、心理等的形容词:lovely可爱的;friendly友好的;ugly难看的;lively活泼的;lonely孤独的;unfriendly不友好的;kindly亲切的;sickly多病的;elderly年长的。(4)表示事物特征、环境、情况、状态的形容词:likely可能的;orderly整齐的;deadly致命的;chilly寒冷的;disorderly乱七八糟的;unlikely不大可能发生的。4.如何区分-ed结尾的形容词与-ing结尾的形容词(1)-ing结尾的形容词主要用于修饰物或事,表示事物的性质或特征,常译为“令人……的”。(2)-ed结尾的形容词通常用于说明人的感受,常译为“感到……的”,也可以修饰事物,多修饰smile(微笑),appearance(外貌),face(面部表情),voice(声音),look(表情),expression(表情)等表示人的情绪状况的名词。Hehadapleasedsmileonhisface.他脸上露出了满意的微笑。Hetoldmethenewsinaveryexcitedvoice.他以非常激动的声音告诉了我这个消息。5.常考的连接性副词though然而,可是;meanwhile在此期间;therefore/thus/consequently因此,所以;moreover/furthermore而且,此外;besides而且,另外,还有;however然而;instead相反,代替;anyway/anyhow尽管,即使这样;otherwise否则。Theyoungmancouldn’taffordanewcar.Instead,heboughtausedone.那个年轻人买不起新车,便买了一辆二手的。Thehousewastooexpensiveandtoobig.Besides,I’dgrownfondofourlittlerentedhouse.这个房子太贵、太大了。而且,我已经越来越喜欢我们租的小屋了。6.意义不同的同根副词(1)closeadv.不远地;接近地closelyadv.密切地(2)freeadv.免费地freelyadv.自由地(3)hardadv.努力地hardlyadv.几乎不(4)lateadv.晚,迟latelyadv.近来(5)mostadv.非常;几乎,差不多mostlyadv.主要地(6)wideadv.尽可能远地;充分地widelyadv.广泛地(7)highadv.高highlyadv.高度地(8)deepadv.深地;在深处deeplyadv.深刻地(9)nearadv.在附近nearlyadv.几乎对点练习1.Theoldpeoplethereweretalkativeandtheytoldustheir__________(person)storiescheerfully.2.Thereweremanypeoplewaitingatthebusstop,andsomeofthemlookedveryanxiousand____________(disappoint).3.I’llneverforgetthe____________(amaze)tripIhadinBeijing,ChinaandIhopetogotherenexttimewithmyfriends.4.Hespentsevendaysinthewindandsnow,coldand____________(hunger).5.Inthestudy,GBSwasusedtoprovidea____________(high)efficientwayofdemonstratingquantumcomputationalspeedupinsolvingsometasks.6.Thetitlewillbe____________(official)giventomeataceremonyinLondon.7.____________(lucky),healsohasacowwhichproducesmilkeveryday.8.Iam__________(terrible)sorrythatIcan’tgotothebookstorewithyouattheappointedtime.Inmyfamily,mymotheristhethinnest①.Myfatherismuchtaller②thanherandme,butheistwiceasheavyas③mymother,andbecomingfatterandfatter④.Heisquiteworriedbecausethefatter⑤heis,themorelikely⑤heistobeill.[规则感悟]①形容词和副词变比较级或最高级,一般直接加-er或-est;以e结尾的直接加-r或-st;以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词注意双写结尾辅音字母;以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词,将y变为i再加-er或-est;多音节词前面加more或most。两者或两部分之间比较,多用比较级;三者或三者以上的比较,可以使用最高级。②比较级常常和than连用,并且可以被much,alittle,abit,even,far,still等词修饰。③倍数表达法:•A+谓语+倍数+adj./adv.比较级+than+B•A+谓语+倍数+as+adj./adv.原级(+名词)+as+B•A+谓语+倍数+the+名词(size,length,height,weight等)+of+B④“adj./adv.比较级+and+adj./adv.比较级”表示“越来越……”。⑤“the+比较级...,the+比较级...”表示“越……,就越……”。1.少数以-er,-ow,-y或-le结尾的双音节词,可以加-er构成比较级,加-est构成最高级。clever→cleverer→cleverestnarrow→narrower→narrowesteasy→easier→easiestsimple→simpler→simplest2.有些形容词没有程度可分或其本身就表示某种程度,因此没有比较级和最高级。这类形容词有right(正确的),wrong(错误的),possible(可能的),empty(空的),first(第一的),wooden(木制的),final(最后的),east(东方的),last(最后的)等。3.有些形容词和副词变比较级或最高级时为不规则变化,需牢记。good/well→better→bestbad/ill→worse→worstmany/much→more→mostlittle→less→leastold→older/elder→oldest/eldestfar→farther→farthest(指具体空间上)far→fur