《TOEFL语法满分精要》之精要

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从句表语,宾语,定语从句1.That引导宾语从句时That可省,引导主语从句,表语从句不可省2.Wh-型代词和副词引导疑问句时要倒装,从句都不能倒装3.引导宾语从句的whether和if通常可以互换,但与or,not连用时只能用whether4.Asif也经常用于引导表语从句5.某些形容词后,跟that引导的表语从句,that常被省略,这些词有:afraid,alarmed,amazed,amused,angry,annoyed,astonished,aware,clear,confident,depressed,disappointed,distressed,glad,grateful,happy,hopeful,horrified,irritated,pleased,proud,sad,shocked,sorry,sure,thankful,upset等等6.关系代词在定语从句中必定担当一个句子成分,所以注意主语,宾语的重复,同时做主语的时候不可省略7.关系代词本身没有单复数区别,从句中的谓语动词取决于先行词8.在定语从句中做介词宾语的关系代词只能用which和whom9.关系代词whose在定语从句中做定语,修饰名词,该名词可以是人,也可以是物,且后者居多,表示ofwhich10.定语从句中的语态取决于先行词(当关系代词做主语时)11.Such….as中as引导定语从句,不可替换成别的任何词12.Thesame….as/that中,as表示同类,that表示notchanged,notanother(即该事物本身),如:you’vemadethesamemistakesasIdid(another);you’vemadethesamemistakesasyoumadelasttime(itself)13.What不能引导定语从句14.先行词为all,nothing,everything,something,anything,much,little等(复合)不定代词时,或先行词有序数次,最高级修饰,或被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修饰时,只能用that引导定语从句而不能用which15.介词+关系代词引导定语从句时,人用whom,物用that16.非限定性定语从句只能由which,who,whom引导17.先行词有多个(人和物并存),用that引导定语从句18.定语从句与强调句型需要注意区分,强调句型为itis/was+强调成分+that/who,在强调句型中,去掉is/wasthat/who两部分仍然可成为一个完整句状语从句连接词:时间:when,whenever,as,while,before,after,until,till,once,themoment,assoonas,bythetime,since地点:where,wherever原因:because,as,since,nowthat目的:sothat,inorderthat,forfearthat,incasethat,lest结果:sothat,so….that,such….that条件:if,aslongas,unless,provided让步:though,although,nomatter,however,evenif方式:asif,asthough,as比较:than,as注意:状语在句子中不作为一个语法成分,因此状语也不仅仅限于从句,也可以由介词短语作为状语,并且介词短语有时在中文意思上和连接词完全一样,而介词只能接名词,连接词可以引导从句,需要注意区分常见介词与连词的混淆1.Despite,inspiteof-介although,though-连2.During-介3.Becauseof,onaccountof,thanksto-介4.Too…..to….为不定式结构,so….that….为状语从句结构,不可混淆5.Since是介词和连接词,做连接词时,可以引导原因状语从句和时间状语从句,做介词时只能后面跟时刻6.Even为强调副词,不能引导状语从句,必须用eventhough,evenif有几种状语从句中可以省略主语和部分谓语,有:When,while引导的时间状语从句If,unless引导的条件状语从句Though,eventhough,although,nomatterhow引导的让步状语从句Asif引导的方式状语从句但是省略必须满足以下两点要求:1.从句主语和主句主语一致2.从句谓语必须包括动词be此时可以省略是主语和谓语部分中的动词be,其他连接词引导的不可省略同位语从句要点:1.可接同位语从句的名词(泛属于抽象概念,概括性,蕴涵性的需要一定解释的名词即可)信息:information,news,word,message,story,proof,announcement等思想:thought,idea,belief,truth等心理活动:hope,doubt,fear等问题回答:question,problem,answer,reply等建议劝告:suggestion,proposal,advice等许诺保证:promise,permission等2.同位于从句的引导词:that,whether,who,what,when,where,why,how同位语从句与定语从句判断标准:看前面的名词能不能与句子划等号That只要不是在从句中作主语都可省略,但that作从句中介词后的宾语则必须当that紧跟先行词时才可省略。名词常见不规则复数形式childchildrenfootfeettoothteethgoosegeesemanmenwomanwomenmousemicelouseliceoxoxenpennypenceanalysisanalysesappendixappendicesparenthesisparenthesesbasisbasesellipsisellipsesaxisaxeshypothesishypothesesoasisoasescrisiscrisescriterioncriteriaphenomenonphenomenadatumdatamediummediabacteriumbacterianucleusnucleifungusfungistimulusstimulialumnusalumnifocusfociradiusradiiterminusterminilarvalarvaealgaalgaeformulaformulae结尾读音为[f]并且以-f或-fe结尾的名词变化1.规则变化:beliefs,chiefs,cliffs,dwarves,hoofs,scarves2.不规则变化:把f或fe变成v,加es,读音为[vz]3.杂交变化:wharfs,wharves均可以-o结尾1.+s:kilos,photos,Filipinos,Eskimos,radios,solos死物2.+es:heroes,potatoes,tomatoes,Negroes活物3.+es/s:cargos/cargoes半死不活单复数同形:deergrousesalmontroutcarpbisonsheepChineseJapanesePortugueseSwissVietnamesebarrackscorpscrossroadsgallowsheadquartersmeansseriesspeciesworkshorsepowerhertzkilohertzlimuaircraftspacecraftcraftoffspring词的性别词缀actoractressprinceprincessheroheroinehosthostesswaiterwaitresswidowerwidow没联系fathermotheruncleauntsondaughterkingqueen变态词dog雌雄均可,多指公狗bitch母狗horse雌雄均可stallion公马mare母马duck雌雄均可,多指母鸭drake公鸭加表示性别的词malenurcemandoctormaidservantwomanvotergentlemanfriend(男性朋友)ladyclerkmaleswanfemaleflower要点:1.单数名词不可单独存在-必须有冠词2.Every,each,another,manya只能修饰单数可数名词3.序数后一般使用单数可数名词4.Other一般修饰复数名词,也可以修饰不可数5.只能修饰复数名词:these,those,many,various,several,numerous,few,afew,both,diverse,a(good/large/great)numberof,numbersof,oneof6.One/two/many+of+限定词+复数名词必须使用复数形式的词:clothes,riches,fireworks,remains,wages,ashes,thanks,sweets复合词:num,+n.+(adj.),其中n.要用单数只修饰不可数名词:much,little,alittle,agreatdealof,agreatamountof,apieceof,anarticleof代词1.反身代词没有所有格,要用one’sown表示2.反身代词不能作主语3.既能作不定代词又能作形容词:some,any,another,each,all,both,most,such,few,one,enough,many,neither,either4.Every,no只能当形容词,后面必须跟名词才能存在5.不定代词后有of+名词结构名词前一定要有限定词,如:fewofthestudents,manyofthesebridges6.That和one可以指代单数名词,those和ones可以指代复数名词7.Other即是限定词又是代词,others为复数形式8.任何代词与指代对象要保持数的一致9.It可以表示时间,日期,天气,距离;可以代替不定式,从句,动名词(短语)作形式主语或宾语,形容词1.当一个名词有相应的形容词时,优先使用形容词进行修饰2.形容词修饰不定代词后置3.形容词短语修饰名词后置,相当于定语形容词短语:1.两个或两个以上形容词并列:Heisamanrudebuthenpecked2.形容词与介词短语搭配:Thisisasubjectworthyofcarefulstudy3.少数形容词后直接跟逻辑宾语:Sheownadiamondworth$5,000,00;Astudentconfidentthat…..4.有些形容词与不定式:agood,alwaysreadyto…5.So…todo,too….todo,…..enoughtodo结构注意:若该结构修饰的名词前有不定冠词可这样修改:sheisanursecarefulenoughto…=sheiscarefulenoughanurseto….6.少数形容词后可加-ing分词:personbusydoing;astudentlongunderstanding7.距离,时间(名词)+形容词:atower180feethigh8.More…than,as…as构成:astudentnomorediligentthanTom9.单个分词修饰名词,可前置也可后置,若分词短语则后置:astolencar=acarstolen4.形容词顺序:数词,描述性形容词,品质性形容词5.形容词作宾语补足语时一般在宾语后,当宾语有很长的后置定语的时候则在宾语之前6.形容词,形容词短语作状语7.下列形容词没有比较级,最高级表示相对关系的:former,latter,inner,outer,upper,elder表示强调意义的:mere,outright,utter,very表示限制意义的:chief,joint,main,only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