06_工艺选择与设施布置

工艺选择与设施布置ProcessSelectionandFacilityLayout周伟华博士浙江大学Dr.WeihuaZhouZhejiangUniversity提纲Outline•工艺选择Processselection:–工艺类型ProcessType–产品工艺矩阵Production-ProcessMatrix•设施布置Facilitylayout:–布置的类型Layouttypes–产品原则布置：生产线平衡Productlayout:Line-balancingproblems–工艺原则布置：各部门间的工作流量Processlayout:InterdepartmentalWorkFlows–工艺原则布置：系统规划设计Processlayout:SystematicLayoutPlanning–服务布置ServiceLayout2019/10/3Dr.WeihuaZhouZhejiangUniversity2简介Introduction•工艺Process–一个组织将输入品转化为输出品的过程中的任何一个环节。–(注意和流程的区别）•工艺选择Processselection–组织产品生产或服务提供的方式Decidingonthewayproductionofgoodsorserviceswillbeorganized•主要根据Majorimplications–劳动密集度Capacityplanning–设施布置Layoutoffacilities–设备Equipment–作业系统的设计Designofworksystems2019/10/3Dr.WeihuaZhouZhejiangUniversity3工艺选择ProcessSelection•品种Variety–系统需要处理多少品种的产品/服务？Howmuch•灵活性Flexibility–需要具有什么样柔性的设备？Whatdegree•产量Volume–期望的产量是多少？Expectedoutput2019/10/3Dr.WeihuaZhouZhejiangUniversity4工艺类型ProcessTypes•工艺专业化生产Jobshop–小规模Smallscale•批量生产Batch–中等规模Moderatevolume•装配线生产Repetitive/assemblyline–标准化程度较高的产品/服务Highvolumesofstandardizedgoodsorservices•连续流程Continuous–生产高度标准化的产品/服务Veryhighvolumesofnon-discretegoods2019/10/3Dr.WeihuaZhouZhejiangUniversity5工艺专业化生产Jobshop2019/10/3Dr.WeihuaZhouZhejiangUniversity6一个中西医结合的医院医生会诊过程，设计心导管检查术Ajobshopprocess:Amidwesternhospitalmedicalteamperformsadiagnosticprocedureinvolvingacardiaccatheterization.批量生产Batch2019/10/3Dr.WeihuaZhouZhejiangUniversity7食物准备，一次一个菜单项，在美国内华达州拉斯维加斯的凯撒宫的Spago厨房。Abatchprocess:Foodisprepared,onemenuitematatime,inthekitchenoftheSpagoRestaurantintheForumatCaesar’sPalace,LasVegas,Nevada.装配线生产Repetitive/assemblyline2019/10/3Dr.WeihuaZhouZhejiangUniversity8位于巴勒斯坦伊斯顿的宾尼和史密斯克雷奥拉产品制造商每年生产近30亿支蜡笔。Arepetitiveprocess:Binney&Smith,makerofCrayolaproducts,producesnearly3billioncrayonseachyearinitsEaston,PA,manufacturingfacility.连续流程Continuous2019/10/3Dr.WeihuaZhouZhejiangUniversity9一个炼油厂的持续生产过程，把原油分解为石油，化工原油，以及其他产品。Acontinuousprocess:Anoilrefineryperformsacontinuousprocess,breakingdowncrudeoilintopetroleum,chemicals,andmanyotherproducts.2019/10/3Dr.WeihuaZhouZhejiangUniversity10提纲Outline•工艺选择Processselection:–工艺类型ProcessType–产品工艺矩阵Production-ProcessMatrix•设施布置Facilitylayout:–布置的类型Layouttypes–产品原则布置：生产线平衡Productlayout:Line-balancingproblems–工艺原则布置：各部门间的工作流量Processlayout:InterdepartmentalWorkFlows–工艺原则布置：系统规划设计Processlayout:SystematicLayoutPlanning–服务布置ServiceLayout产品-工艺矩阵Product–ProcessMatrixDimension工艺专业化生产JobShop批量生产Batch装配线生产Repetitive连续流程Continuous工作变化Jobvariety很高VeryHigh一般Moderate较低Low很低Verylow生产灵活性Processflexibility很高VeryHigh一般Moderate较低Low很低Verylow单位成本Unitcost很高VeryHigh一般Moderate较低Low很低Verylow产量Volumeofoutput很低VeryLow较低Low较高High很高Veryhigh2019/10/3Dr.WeihuaZhouZhejiangUniversity11产品工艺矩阵Production-ProcessMatrix2019/10/3Dr.WeihuaZhouZhejiangUniversity12产品结构、产品生命周期多品种小产量品种较多高产量标准化大量生产顾客化低产量广告重型机器中型机器食品加工汽车装配麦当劳石油化工面粉加工工艺专业化批量生产装配线生产连续流程过程结构不可行不可行效率测量柔性(高)单件成本(高)柔性(低)单件成本(低2019/10/3Dr.WeihuaZhouZhejiangUniversity13提纲Outline•工艺选择Processselection:–工艺类型ProcessType–产品工艺矩阵Production-ProcessMatrix•设施布置Facilitylayout:–布置的类型Layouttypes–产品原则布置：生产线平衡Productlayout:Line-balancingproblems–工艺原则布置：各部门间的工作流量Processlayout:InterdepartmentalWorkFlows–工艺原则布置：系统规划设计Processlayout:SystematicLayoutPlanning–服务布置ServiceLayout设备布置FacilitiesLayout•布置：对业务部门、工作中心和设备进行布局，以确保系统中工作流运行顺畅。Layout:theconfigurationofdepartments,workcenters,andequipment,withparticularemphasisonmovementofwork(customersormaterials)throughthesystem–产品原则布置Productlayouts–工艺原则布置Processlayouts–成组技术单元布置Grouptechnology(cellular)layout–定点布置Fixed-Positionlayout2019/10/3Dr.WeihuaZhouZhejiangUniversity14设施布置的目标ObjectiveofLayoutDesign•有助于达到产品和服务的质量水平Facilitateattainmentofproductorservicequality•有效利用空间和人力Useworkersandspaceefficiently•避免出现瓶颈Avoidbottlenecks•搬运成本最低Minimizeunnecessarymaterialhandlingcosts•消除工人或物料的不必要搬运Eliminateunnecessarymovementofworkersormaterials•缩短生产和顾客服务时间Minimizeproductiontimeorcustomerservicetime•实现安全生产Designforsafety2019/10/3Dr.WeihuaZhouZhejiangUniversity15布置决策的重要性ImportanceofLayoutDecisions•投入大量资金和精力Requiressubstantialinvestmentsofmoneyandeffort•具有长期性Involveslong-termcommitments•对短期运营的费用和效率有很大影响Hassignificantimpactoncostandefficiencyofshort-termoperations2019/10/3Dr.WeihuaZhouZhejiangUniversity16布置决策的必要性TheNeedforLayoutDecisions2019/10/3Dr.WeihuaZhouZhejiangUniversity17无效率运营Inefficientoperations如：高成本、瓶颈ForExample:HighCostBottlenecks产品或服务设计上的改变Changesinthedesignofproductsorservices推出新产品或服务Theintroductionofnewproductsorservices意外Accidents安全危害Safetyhazards2019/10/3Dr.WeihuaZhouZhejiangUniversity18环境或其他法律要求的改变Changesinenvironmentalorotherlegalrequirements产量或产品组合的改变Changesinvolumeofoutputormixofproducts方法或设备的改变Changesinmethodsandequipment情绪问题Moraleproblems布置决策的必要性TheNeedforLayoutDecisions工艺与布置ProcessandLayout工工艺艺种种类类TTYYPPEEOOFFPPRROOCCEESSSS布布置置类类型型TTYYPPEEOOFFLLAAYYOOUUTT重复加工CONTINUOUS产品原则布置PRODUCTLAYOUT间歇加工INTERMITTENT工艺原则布置PROCESSLAYOUT特殊工程SPECIALPROJECT定位布置FIXEDPOSITIONLAYOUT2019/10/3Dr.WeihuaZhouZhejiangUniversity192019/10/3Dr.WeihuaZhouZhejiangUniversity20提纲Outline•工艺选择Processselection:–工艺类型ProcessType–产品工艺矩阵Production-ProcessMat