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/liquidfeedsupplementsLFSLFS1951Williams.2003)LFS2(AFIA20022003)NPN(Davis.2003)LFSLFSLFStotalmixedrationTMRLFSLFSLFS3-7%LFS3220%LFSLFS1:1:15-8%(Xiong,1992)PowerMix4-204%20%Hodge1990Shaver200112LFS3EA/D/ECV%CV%1100%(Xiong,1995)1Rch-ERP-ERch-ADERP-ADE----E,IU/kg--------AIU/kg----120321086800857002209208868009080032182178490086100422421290700907005216191886009100062081868990083300721920685300882008210211896008240092132058980084500102202009050086300214.0204.68829086300s6.509.692166.63154.5CV%3.044.732.453.63CV%3.796.79RP,Rch:4TMRTMRArmentanoLeonardi(1999)Martin(1999)TMR595%-70%13%40%70%(Xiong,1996)90%40%40%13%6LFS(Shaver2001Emanuele2003)1202603/2StokesLawµρρ18)(2−=sptgdvvtgdps182/ηγappnm=−1ηappγmn(n1)HLB-31(Meyers.1990)(Britten1991BurgaudDickinson1990DiGarti1991Yao1990)(cream)(aggregate)(flocculate)(coalesce)(emulsioncapacity)(emulsionstability)pH(AFIA)R.Preston200427.0%Brix.*79.5pH5*H2C-O-CO-R1R2-CO-O-CHH2C-O-PO-O-CH2CH2N(CH3)3O-PhosphatidylcholinePCH2C-O-CO-R1R2-CO-O-CHH2C-O-PO-OO-PhosphatidylinositolPIH2C-O-CO-R1H2C-O-CO-R1R2-CO-O-CHR2-CO-O-CHH2C-O-PO-O-CH2CH2NH3H2C-O-PO-OO-O-PhosphatidylethanolaminePEPhosphatidicAcidPA1pH7D.Larson1995De-sugaredBeetMolassesDBM65%DBMpH9-10DBM(Xiong,1991)(CMS)CMSCMS-LysOHOHOHOHOHCMS-Lys40%40%5%Iowa2.5%4.67%(HannonTrenkleEndresTrenkle,1990EndresTrenkle,1991)Nebraska(Rush1986)CMS-Lys25%(Xiong,1993a)SO2-50-55%pH3.8-4.045-50%D.Larson1995pH46pH20%50%25%30%30-35%(Xiong1996a)70%50%pH/32597.5%325,99.9%200,95.5%40010-40-010%40%0%CO2XanthanGum0.05%-0.15%(Hodge,1990)Attapulgite3-5%1/3(Xiong1993b)HLBHLB1%201.5-2(Homogenizers)CO25%0.4%DMX-7DelstInc.2.5%0.2%DMX-7(Xiong1993c)C02pHpH4-4.5pH1.5-2.0%NH3)8-10ppm(EPA)35ppm1.5-2.0%5(Xiong1993c)CO2CO2pH9.7pH///(Xiong1993c)NebraskaKlopfenstein1992(Xiong1997)LFSLFS(MooreandHarris1999)-FDAKlink(2003)FDAAE(Xiong1995)EA/D/E8300C560d()14d28d42d56dAE2821A105IU/d(P=0.066)2300C--------------------------------0d14d28d42d56d---------------AIU/kg-----------------18530083800853008750090800290600902008640088400884003876008780083400917008230049150089100847009060081100---------------EIU/kg----------------52111972161912106206229185195203723220720318819581942212051992107E0.55IU(P=0.051)CV%A3307IU3.79%E13.86IU6.78%AE300C5623FDA8(Xiong1993d)positionalstabilityindexPSI)suspensionstabilityindexSSI)21-21000g20tPSI2PSI53PSI15PSI532-4PSI15/PSI95%1SSI5388%221000kg320cm096.2%98.0%0SSI5396.0%100.0%3/PSI53,PSI1560PSIPSI60dW/OPSI53,PSI15PSI60dW/O98.3%96.9%96.6%(Xiong,1997)(AAFCO)0.5-25%(AV%)((14/x)+6)x100%(,x=%)7%SSI5395%-5%7%AV%(AV%=(14/7+6)%=8%)PSI(SSI)(SSI)SSI1300rpm/5min(SSI53)2500rpm/10min(SSI15)SSI2476IECCENTRA-811000ml3min250ml100mlCa*3440ml20ml440ml300rpm(18.11g)5min51/2100mlCa*6Ca*7Ca*Ca*100SSISSI=(Ca*/Ca*)100%SSI500rpm(50.3g)10min1-61EE2ESIESI=(1-(EE-EE)/EE)100%ESI(creamzone)ESI100%50mm48mm(2mm)ESI96%(48/50)AFIA.2002Liquidfeedsurvey.32ndAnnualLiquidFeedSymposiumProceedings.Sept.2002.155-157.AFIA.2003Liquidfeedsurvey.LiquidFeedSymposiumProceedings.Sept.2003.Armentano,L.andCLeonardi.1999.Effectofdifferentparticlesiaze,qualityandquantityofalfalfahayonselectiveconsumptionofdairycattle.Proc.UWArlingtonDairyDay.1-17.BrittenM.andH.Giroux.1991.Emulsifyingpropertiesofwheyproteinandcaseincompositeblends.JounalofDairyScience.Vol.74:3318-3325.Burgaud,I.andE.Dickinson.1990.Emulsifyingeffectsoffoodmacromoleculesinpresenceofethanol.JournalofFoodScience.Vol.55875-876.Davis,P.2003.Liquidsupplementsandintakeinhibitors.LiquidFeedSymposiumProceedings.Sept.2003,AFIA.Emanuele,S.M.2003Effectofmolassesandsugarsupplementationonperformanceofruminalfermantationofdairycattle.LiquidFeedSymposiumProceedings.Sept.2003,AFIA.Endress,MandA.Trenkle.1990.EvaluationonModifiedCondensedMolassesSolubles(CMS)assupplementforcattle.IowaStateUniversity1990Beef-SheepReport,AS-606.Endress,MandA.Trenkle.1990.EvaluationonModifiedCondensedMolassesSolubles(CMS)assupplementforcattle.IowaStateUniveristy1991Beef-SheepReport,AS-616.Garti,N,A.AserinandD.Azria1991Acloudingagentbasedonmodifiedsoyprotein.InternationalFoodScienceandTechnologyvol.26,259-270.Hannon,K.andA.Trenkle.1990EvaluationofCondensedMolassesSolubles(CMS)asasourceofsupplementalnitrogenforcattle.Endress,MandA.Trenkle.1990.IowaStateUniversity1990Beef-SheepReport,AS-601.Hudge,D.1990.CompetitionwithDryFeeds:LiquidSupplements.FeedManagement.Vol.41,No.8.9-11Klink,P.2003.Challengesofusingvariouspharmaceuticalsinliquidfeeds.LiquidFeedSymposiumProceedings.Sept.2003,AFIA.Martin,R.1999.TMRparticledistributionanalysisatsix-hourtimeintervals.Proc.UWArlingtonDairyDay7-16.Meyer,S.1990.Towardsbetterfishfeeding-Lecithinandphospholipids.FeedManagement.Vol.41,No.8.12-14.Moore,J.andJ.Harris.1999.Highlightsofrecentliquidsupplementresearch.29thAnnualAFIALiquidFeedSymposiumProceedings.37-42.Rush,I.1986.LevelsofCMSby-productasasupplementinfinishingcattleration.UniversityofNebraskaReporttoaproductsupplier.Shaver,R.D.2001.Recentapplicationsofliquidfeedsupplementsinrationsforlactatingdairycows.Prof.Anim.Sci.17:17-19.Williams,D.2003.Historyofliquidfeedmanufacturingtechnologies,fromt