英文库存管理最佳实践

BestPracticeinInventoryManagementTonyWildJOHNWILEY&SONS,INC.NewYorkChichesterWe[e-mail]&Sons,Inc.PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanningorotherwise,exceptaspermittedunderSections107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteitherthepriorwrittenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriateper-copyfeetotheCopyrightClearanceCenter,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,[phone],fax[phone].RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,605ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10158-0012,[phone],fax[phone],E-Mail:[e-mail]dtoprovideaccurateandauthoritativeinformationinregardtothesubjectmattercovered.Itissoldwiththeunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedinrenderinglegal,accounting,orotherprofessionalservices.Iflegaladviceorotherexpertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalpersonshouldbesought.ISBN0-471-25341-3PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.ContentsPrefaceIntroduction1ThebasisofinventorycontrolRoleofinventorymanagementObjectivesforinventorycontrolProfitthroughinventorymanagementReasonsforthecurrentstock2CustomerserviceMeetingcustomerrequirementsMeasuringavailabilityDemandmanagement3ManagingtheinventoryUsingParetoanalysisforcontrolStockcoverPracticalmethodsofreducingstockholdingPracticalmethodsofreducingstock4JustintimemanagementThezeroinventoryphilosophyJITenvironmentAdvantagesofJITStockcontrolusingJIT5OrganisationandmanagementWherestockcontrolfitsintotheorganisationResponsibilitiesandtargetsviCONTENTSInventoryvaluationSkillsandsystems6SafetystocksLearningfromhistoryNormaldemandpatternsEvaluationofsafetystocks7SettingtherightstocklevelsSimpleassessmentofreviewlevelsManagingleadtimesTargetstocklevels8ThechangingroleofpurchasingModernsupplypracticeSupplypartnershipsTheorderingprocessOrderquantitiesPurchasingprocesses9ForecastingdemandOptionsforassessingdemandCausesofforecastinginaccuracyMethodsofimprovingforecasting10HistoricalforecastingtechniquesBasicforecastingtechniquesWeightedaveragesChoosingthebestforecastMonitoringforecasts11AdvancedforecastingmethodsMoreforecastingtoolsForecastingforseasonalsalesOthermethods12Materialrequirementsplanning-analternativetoforecastingAvoidinguncertaintyMaterialrequirementsplanningMasterplanningBatchsizes13Thefuture-inventoryandlogisticsReviewoftechniquesStockdistributionReviewCONTENTSviiAppendixQuestionsandanswers204Index225PrefaceInthedistantpastwhenIascendedfromabeingascientisttotheheightsofinventoryanalysis,Iwassurprisedatthelackofhelpfulwrittenworkonthesubject.Althoughtherearenowmanybooks,manualsandpapersavail-able,theredoesnotseemtobemuchwrittenontheveryimportantsubjectofhowtocarryoutinventorycontrolfacedwiththerealinventory,cus-tomersandanassortmentofstockrecordsandstylesofsuppliers.Yetbettercontrolofstock(inventory)cangivemajorbenefitstotheprofitabilityofallcompanies.Thisbookisaimedtoshowhowgoodinventorycontrolcanbeusedinpractice.Itisaresultofworkingcontinuouslyoninventorycontrolwithalargenumberofcompaniesovermanyyears.Itcontainsthedistilledtechniqueswhichhavebeentriedoutandprovedtowork.Thisbookcontainstwomainingredients,namely:ThebasicsofinventorymanagementascoveredintheIOM(InstituteofOperationsManagement)Diplomasyllabus.Theapplicationofthesetechniquestorealinventorymanagement.Theapplicationsarewhatreallycount,sincetheknowledgeisnotatallinterestingwithoutapplication.Theexperienceoftheauthorhasbeentousethebasicstoprovidepowerfulchangesinstocksandprofitability.Inseveralcasesmillionsofpoundsofinventoryvaluehavebeensavedandinotherscustomerservicehasbeengreatlyimproved.Manyofthetopicsherehavebeentried,testedandapproved.Theyareallamatterofcommonsense,althoughwhichpieceofcommonsensetouseinaparticularsitua-tionisamatterwhichneedsdeeperunderstanding.Thebookisadriver'smanualforinventorycontrollers.Itwillcovertheworkingoftheengine(howinventorycontroltechniqueswork),howtousethecontrols(whatthetechniquesdoandhowtomanagethem)andhowtogetthebestoutofthevehicle(howtooptimiseinventory).Understandthetextanditwillshowthewaytoguaranteedimprovedinventorycontrol,reducedstocklevelsandhigheravailability.xPREFACEInthepreparationofthisbooktherehavebeencontributionsfromthemanythousandsofpeopletowhomIhavepresentedcoursesontheseideasandwhohavehelpedtohonetheconcepts.Thanksarealsoduetothosecompanieswhohaveletmelooseontheirinventory,carryingoutconsul-tancyprojectswhichhaveextendedmyknowledgeandprovedtheeffec-tivenessandscopeofdifferenttechniques.CentraltothedevelopmentofinventorytechniqueshasbeentheInsti-tuteofOperationsManagement(formerlyBPICS-theBritishProductionandInventoryControlSociety)whichhasbeenachannelforprofessionaldebate,friendshipandtechnicalinformation.Thisbookhasbeencreatedwiththesu