热能设备窑炉和耐火材料

-©UNEP200611............................................................................................................................................12...............................................................................53.......................................................................................................................184....................................................................................................275................................................................................................................................346....................................................................................................................................347................................................................................................................................351.1.1()()§§§§§(LDO)(90%)(7%)1200oC1200oC-©UNEP200621(,1993)§§§§§1.21§§§§§11.2(),2005,1:(,1993)-©UNEP20063§§§11.(,1993)()()(W/mK)1.20.3(J/kgK)10001000(kg/m3)230013022a.(BEE,2005)2b.(BEE,2005)()(kg/m3)-©UNEP20064(PCE)()()(3)§§§§§3:(,2004)-©UNEP20065§§§2.2.122.1.1212001500oC561618(i)(ii)(iii)22.1.12.1.3()2005-©UNEP200662./§§(/)§§§§§§()()2.1.2a)220kg1200oC1015180280/b)1250oC81020252.1.3900°C1250oC-©UNEP20067§§34.(,1993)-©UNEP200683.(Adaptedfrom,1993andBEE,2005)(4)§()§355§/§()§§§§()§§§§§(a)(b)(5)§§§§§10000C11000C§(/)§§()§§-©UNEP20069(6)§§§()§§§§(7)§()§§§§§§(8)1300oC§§§§-©UNEP2006105.(1993)6.(,1993)-©UNEP2006117.(,1993)8.(,1993)-©UNEP2006122.234.(Gilchrist)()2.2.1(SiO2)78%Al2O344%5(PCE)Al2O35.(BEE,2005)SiO2Al2O3PCEoC49-5340-445-71745-176050-8035-405-91690-174560-7026-365-91640-1680()65-8018-303-81620-168060-7023-336-101520-159532.2()2005-©UNEP2006132.2.245%45%100%2.2.3()SiO293%()2.2.485%(MgCO3)CaO-SiO222.2.5§15%-35%Cr2O342%-50%MgO§60%MgO8%-18%Cr2O32.2.6(ZrO2)15000C2.2.7()-©UNEP2006141850oC2.2.89§§§§§§§§§6129.-©UNEP2006152.34§§§§§kieselguhr66.(BEE,2005)400oC(oC)(kg/cm2)(%)(kg/m3)0.02510002705210900.014800110775400.0301500260685600.0281500-1600300669100.0401400400658302.3.12.3.21800–2000oC42.3()2005-©UNEP200616Al2O3ZrO277.(BEE,2005)Al2O3SiO2ZrO21150oC43–4753–57-1250oC52–5644–48-1325oC33–3547–5017–2064190kg/m340a)128kg/m3600oCoC0.1kCal/m402.5b)96kg/m3/40c)2700-4050kCal/m2(1000–1500Btu/Ft2)54200-493900kCal/m2(20000–250000Btu/Ft2)d)e)f)-©UNEP200617g)h)i)j)§§§§§§§§§2.3.3100.30.825–45-©UNEP2006183.3.11110.(BEE,2005)-©UNEP200619FURNACEFluegasMoistureinfuelOpeningsinfurnaceFurnacesurface/skinOtherlossesHeatinputHeatinstockHydrogeninfuelFURNACEFluegasMoistureinfuelOpeningsinfurnaceFurnacesurface/skinOtherlossesHeatinputHeatinstockHydrogeninfuel11.(BEE,2005andUSDOE,2004)§§§§540°C/§,§-----©UNEP200620-3.2588.(BEE,2005)Pt/Pt-Rh1200-1300oCChromelAlummel700oC.Hginsteelthermometer300oC()Lowpressureringgauge+0.1mmofWc5%O2-3.33.3.1=53.2()2005-©UNEP200621(Q)Q=mxCp(t1–t2)Q=kCalm=kgCp=kCal/kgoCt1=oCt2=oC3.3.33.3.21199.(BEE2005)()1)a.540–980oC()20-30b.540–980oC()15-25c.5-7d.7-122)a.7-15b.5-103)a.25-90b.20-804)a.(20oC–370oC)35-40b.(20oC–370oC)35-403.3.31340oC750oC40oC-©UNEP200622190oC0.92400/h=400x0.92=368kg/h10000kCal/kgO212percent1kg0.15kg1kgH20.1123kg1kg14kg6000kg/hr0.12kCal/kg/0C(D)460mm(X)1mx1m122oC80oC70.18m212.6m2400l/hrkg400l/hrx0.92kg/l=368kg/hr=mxCpx?T=6000kgx0.12x(1340–40)=936000kCal=(/)x100=[(936000/(368x10000)]x100=25.43100%–25%=75%a)(EA)=O2/(21–O2)-©UNEP200623=12/(21–12)=133%=(1+EA/100)x=(1+1.13)x14=32.62kg/kgmxCpx?Tx100%=GCVm=(+)=32.62+1.0=33.62kg/kgCp=?T=%={33.62x0.24x(750–40)}x100=57.29%10000b)Mx{584+Cp(Tf–Tamb)}x100%=GCVM=kgTfg=0CTamb=0CGCV=kCal/kg%=0.15x{584+0.45(750–40)}x100=1.36%10000c)9xH2x{584+Cp(Tf–Tamb)}x100-©UNEP200624%=GCVH2=1kgH2(=0.1123kg/kg)%=9x0.1123x{584+0.45(750–40)}x100=9.13%10000d)(xxx)x100%=xGCV1213§(12)=0.71§13400C(13)=36kCal/kg/cm2/hr§100cmx100cm=10000cm2§=0.8%=36x0.8x0.71x10000x100=5.56%368x10000-©UNEP20062512.(BEE,2005)13.(BEE,2005)-©UNEP200626e)i).(=):§=122oC§122oC(14)=1252kCal/m2hr§+=70.18m2==1252kCal/m2hrx70.18m2=87865kCal/hrii)§=80oC§80oC(14)=740kCal/m2hr§=12.6m2==740kCal/m2hrx12.6m2=9324kCal/hr(i+ii)x100%=GCVx%=(87865kCal/hr+9324kCal/hr)x100=2.64%10000kCal/kgx368kg/hrf)-©UNEP200627afa)=57.29%b)=1.36%c)=9.13%d)=5.56%e)=2.64%=75.98%=100–75.98=24.02%14.(BEE,2005)4.61.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.64()2005-