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ICPICOPKLEMS••••(CCRA)•••1970,,•(purchasingpowerparity)•ICPICOPKLEMS1--ICP•1950—“”(“”OECD)(Gi1bertKravis1954)AnInternationalComparisonofNationalProductsandthePurchasingPowerofCurrencies,(GilbertAssociates1958ComparativeNationalProductsandPriceLevels,(1CP)•90ICP“”Geary--KhamisICP196719701975(Kravisetal,ASystemofInternationalComparisonofGrossProductandPurchasingPower,1975InternationalComparisonsofRealProductandPurchasingPower,1978WorldProductandIncome:InternationalComparisonsofRealGrossProduct,1982)•ICPICP150detailedcategories•ICP•JacobRyten“TheEvaluationoftheInternationalComparisonProject(ICP),1998•IanCastle,“ReviewoftheOECD-EUROSTATPPPProgramme”,1997•ICPICP20032--ICOP•“”1959(PaigeBombach1959)AComparisonofNationalOutputandProductivity,•1983,(UniversityofGroningen)(InternationalComparisonofOutputandProductivityProjectICOP),,(MaddisonvanArkComparisonsofRealOutputinManufacturing,1988)304•,,(branchlevel),,ISIC,•••1·•2·category3·•4·•5·•6·“”•7·•Geary-Khamis•EKS•Theil-Tornquist••,19851986(=/)3--KLEMS•GrowthAccountingtrans-logproductionfunction3.1•NBERStudiesinIncomeandWealthNBERConferenceonResearchinIncomeandWealthTheInternationalAssociationforResearchinIncomeandWealth•CopelandConceptsofNationalIncome1937),CopelandMartin(TheCorrectionofWealthandIncomeEstimatesforPriceChanges,1938)Stigler(TrendsinOutputandEmployment1947),Stigler1947Tinbergen(ZurTheorieDerLangristigenWirtschaftsentwicklungOnthetheoryofTrendMovements1942)•Cobb—DouglasTinbergen,Solow(TechnicalChangeandtheAggregateProductionFunction1957)•NBERKendrick(ProductivityTrendsintheUnitedStates1961)Denison(ThesourcesofEconomicGrowthintheUnitedStatesandthealternativesBeforeUS1962)Kendrick1961GoldsmithAPerpetualInventoryofNationalWealth,1951)•Denison“”(growthaccounting)DenisonSolowShultzBecker20Denison(196219671976)Denison•1967JorgensonGrilichesTheExplanationofProductivityChangeJorgensonKendrickDenisonJorgenson1987(JorgensonGollopandFraumeniProductivityandU.S.EconomicGrowth1987)•SolowSolow20%()(Solow)•19471985SolowKendrickAbramovitzTinbergenMaddisonJorgenson()25%•SolowJorgenson40Solow32KLEMS•KLEMSJorgenson(JorgensonNishimizu,U.S.andJapaneseEconomicGrowth,1952-1974:AnInternationalComparison,1978),•(Christensen,Jorgenson,Lau,Conjugatedualityandthetranscendentallogarithmicproductionfunctions,1971Transcendentallogarithmicproductionfunctions,1973)•(JorgensonKuroda,Japan-U.S.Industry-LevelComparisons,1960-79,1987),(Christensen,CummingsJorgenson,EconomicGrowth,1947-1973:AnInternationalComparison1980JorgensonandKuroda,ProductivityandInternationalCompetitivenessinJapanandtheUnitedStates,1960-85,l992ConradInter-countryChangesinProductivityintheManufacturingSectorofFiveOECDCountries,1963-861992)•KLEMSJorgensonKLEMS(KLEM)(Jorgensenetal.GrowthofUSindustriesandinvestmentininformationtechnologyandhighereducation,2002,OECDCapitalmeasurementmanual,OECDproductivitymeasurementmanual,2001)•Jorgenson(NationalInstituteofEconomicandSocialResearch)—KLEMS(KLEMS)•(ConsortiumProjectInstitutions)4(TheConferenceBoardHarvardUniversityBrookingsInstitute,FederalReserveBankofNewYork)KLEMS(Timmer,TowardsProductivityComparisonsUsingtheKLEMSApproach:AnOverviewofSourcesandMethods2000)•KLEMS•ICPA(InternationalComparisonoftheProductivityamongPan--PacificCounties),4•1988,“”,workingpaperAnExpenditure-BasedBilateralComparisonofGrossDomesticProductbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStatesRenRuoenandChenKai,1993China'sGDPinU.S.DollarsBasedonPurchasingPowerParity,RenRuoenandChenKai,1995ICP•ReviewofIncomeandWealth)AnExpenditure-BasedBilateralComparisonofGrossDomesticProductbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStatesRenRuoenandChenKai,1994OECD1997China'sEconomicPerformanceinanInternationalPerspectiveRenRuoen,19971,GDP19861994(=/)1986:2.9=10.58955.941.50912.320.94323.711986GDP$10810GDP$101419941.6477GDP$30076$27314GDP$2523$2291ICOP•1993AdamSzirmai1985Szirmai,A,Ren,R.,ComparativePerformanceinChineseManufacturing,1980-1992.ChinaEconomicReview,2000Ren,R.China'sEconomicPerformanceinInternationalPerspective,1997ICOP•1997RenRuoen,China'sEconomicPerformanceinInternationalPerspective1997KLEMSStudiesonInternationalComparisonofProductivityinChina20012,GDP19851994(=/)1985:2.9=10.85313.401.33152.181.06582.721986GDP$8411GDP$70019942.1246GDP$26082$21183GDP$218817773.(1985):1990••1229109613762786865•••9819651901••1995OECDMonitoringtheWorldEconomy,1820-1992,(Maddison,1995)1985ICP•,,,,,,,,?3.:1990••198518201906182018501900••122912871248175614761218••187019561913••126911771451•1995OECDMonitoringtheWorldEconomy,1820-1992,(Maddison,1995)1985ICP•:1985165,8019,,,20,,,165,,,200?4GDP198519931990•••198511910.713918.510015.51••199324640.928794.524176.03••,,1994,198510,015.51,1985199326,717.7,24,176.03,1993•,,1950-1973,3.9%,1974-19942.65%(Maddison,1995)3%•,,7%8%1974-1992,7%,1978-1992,7.6%,1980-1992,8%(Maddison,1995):•8%,2009,94,754.1(1990)•7%,2012,100,960(1990),,,••119851986•2•3••19903%3%3%••1992ChinaStatisticalSysteminTransition,No.9557-CHA1.2.3.•Szirmai1995China’sManufacturingPerformanceinComparativePerspective,1980-1992(ResearchMemorandumno.581,Instituteo