1高中英语语法非谓语动词讲解及其练习题非谓语动词是在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式,是动词的非谓语形式。在句中可起名词,形容词,副词的作用,在句中充当主语,宾语,表语,补语,定语或状语.即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的任何成分3种形式:不定式,分词(现在分词、过去分词),动名词一、动词不定式:(to)+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。1.不定式的形式:(以动词write为例)否定式:not+(to)do(1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后,例如:I'mgladtomeetyou.Thepatientaskedtobeoperatedonatonce.Theteacherorderedtheworktobedone.(2)进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如:Theboypretendedtobeworkinghard.Heseemstobereadinginhisroom.(3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如:Iregrettedtohavetoldalie.Ihappenedtohaveseenthefilm.2.不定式的句法功能:(1)作主语:Tofinishtheworkintenminutesisveryhard.Toloseyourheartmeansfailure.动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式置于句后,例如上面两句可用如下形式:Itisveryhardtofinishtheworkintenminutes.Itmeansfailuretoloseyourheart.2常用句式有:1、It+be+名词+todo。2、Ittakessb.+sometime+todo。3、It+be+形容词+ofsb+todo。4、It+be+形容词+forsb.+todo。常用careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词,不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。(2)作表语:Herjobistocleanthehall.Heappearstohavecaughtacold.(3)作宾语:常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want,hope,wish,offer,fail,plan,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help,agree,promise,prefer,如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如:MarxfounditimportanttostudythesituationinRussia.动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如:Ihavenochoicebuttostayhere.HedidnothinglastSundaybutrepairhisbike.动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用,如:HegaveussomeadviceonhowtolearnEnglish.(4)作宾语补足语:在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want,wish,ask,tell,order,beg,permit,help,advise,persuade,allow,prepare,cause,force,callon,waitfor,invite.此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如:Withalotofworktodo,hedidn'tgotothecinema.有些动词如make,let,see,watch,hear,feel,have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to,如:Isawhimcrosstheroad.Hewasseentocrosstheroad.(5)作定语:动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系:①动宾关系:Ihaveameetingtoattend.3注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如:Hefoundagoodhousetolivein.Thechildhasnothingtoworryabout.②被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语:Heisthefirsttogethere.(6)作状语:①表目的:Heworkeddayandnighttogetthemoney.Shesoldherhairtobuythewatchchain.注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:wrong:Tosavemoney,everymeanshasbeentried.right:Tosavemoney,hehastriedeverymeans.wrong:TolearnEnglishwell,adictionaryisneeded.right:TolearnEnglishwell,heneedsadictionary.②表结果:Hearrivedlatetofindthetraingone.常用only放在不定式前表示强调:Ivisitedhimonlytofindhimout.③表原因:Theywereverysadtohearthenews.④表程度:It'stoodarkforustoseeanything.(7)作独立成分:Totellyouthetruth,Idon'tlikethewayhetalked.(8)不定式的省略:保留to省略do动词。Ifyoudon'twanttodoit,youdon'tneedto.(9)不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略to。Hewishedtostudymedicineandbecomeadoctor.掌握动词不定式应注意的几个问题:1.“to”是不定式符号还是介词,下列短语中的to都是介词。agreetoobjecttocloseto,cometo,leadto,referto,equalto,familiarto,pointto,thankto,devoteto,nextto,belongto,beusedto,lookforwardto2.带to还是不带toIhavenochoicebuttogivein4IcannotdoanythingbutgiveinIsawhimentertheclassroom.(但是:Hewasseentoentertheclassroom.)动名词:动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能。1.动名词的形式:否定式:not+动名词(1)一般式:Seeingisbelieving.眼见为实。(2)被动式:Hecametothepartywithoutbeinginvited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。(3)完成式:Werememberedhavingseenthefilm.我们记得看过这部电影。(4)完成被动式:HeforgothavingbeentakentoGuangzhouwhenhewasfiveyearsold.他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。(5)否定式:not+动名词Iregretnotfollowinghisadvice.我后悔没听他的劝告。(6)复合结构:物主代词(或名词所有格)+动名词Hesuggestedourtryingitonceagain.他建议我们再试一次。HisnotknowingEnglishtroubledhimalot.他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。2.动名词的句法功能:(1)作主语:Readingaloudisveryhelpful.朗读是很有好处的。当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。It'snousequarrelling.争吵是没用的。(2)作表语:Intheantcity,thequeen'sjobislayingeggs.在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵。(3)作宾语:Theyhaven'tfinishedbuildingthedam.他们还没有建好大坝。Wehavetopreventtheairfrombeingpolluted.我们必须阻止空气被污染。注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如上面两个例句。此外,动名词作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it,例如:Wefounditnogoodmakingfunofothers.我们发现取笑他人不好。5要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语:enjoy,finish,suggest,avoid(避免),excuse,delay,imagine,keep,miss,consider,admit(承认),deny(否认),mind,permit,forbid,practise,risk(冒险),appreciate(感激),bebusy,beworth,feellike,can'tstand,can'thelp(情不自禁地),thinkof,dreamof,befondof,prevent…(from),keep…from,stop…(from),protect…from,setabout,beengagedin,spend…(in),succeedin,beusedto,lookforwardto,objectto,payattentionto,insiston(4)作定语:Hecan'twalkwithoutawalking-stick.他没有拐杖不能走路。Isthereaswimmingpoolinyourschool?你们学校有游泳池吗?(5)作同位语:Thecave,hishiding-placeissecret.那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。Hishabit,listeningtothenewsontheradioremainsunchanged.他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。注意以下几个问题:1.下列动词后跟不定式与跟动名词作宾语意义有区别,forgettodo…忘记要做某事forgetdoing…忘记做了某事remembertodo…记住要做某事rememberdoing…记着做了某事meantodo…有意要做某事meandoing…意味着做了某事regrettodo…对要做的事表示后悔regretdoing…对做过去的事后悔can’thelptodo…不能帮助做某事can’thelpdoing…情不自禁做某事trytodo…尽力去做某事trydoing试着做某事learntodo…学着去做某事learndoing…学会做某事stoptodo…停下来去做(另一件事)stopdoing…停止做某事goontodo…接着做(另外一件事)goondoing…继续做某事usedtodo…过去做某事beusedtodoing…习惯做某事2.动名词作定语与现在分词作定语意义有区别动名词作定语表达n+fordoing的含义现在分词作定语表达n+which(who)bedoing的含义如:asleepingcar=acarforsleeping6arunninghorse=ahorsewhichisrunning前者是动名词,后者是现在分词又如:drinkingwater,walkingstickrunningwater,sleepingboy3.动名词的逻辑主语:动名词的逻辑主语为代词或名词的所有格形式。例如:Hiscomingmadeusveryhappy.4.动名词主动形式表被动的情况:needdoing,wantdoing,requiredoing例如:Thisroomneedspainting.这个房间需要粉刷。三、分词:(一)现在分词现在分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。1、现在分词的形式:否定式:not+现在分词(1)现在分词的主动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发