11.TotallywithoutlightandsubjectedtointensepressureshundredsoftimesgreaterthanattheEarth’ssurface,thedeep—oceanbottomisahostileenvironmenttohumans,insomewaysasforbiddingandremoteasthevoidofouterspace.(定语后置insomeways…)由于完全没有光,而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力,深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境,在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。TotallywithoutlightandsubjectedtointensepressureshundredsoftimesgreaterthanattheEarth’ssurface原因状语thedeep—oceanbottomisahostileenvironmenttohumans主句insomewaysasforbiddingandremoteasthevoidofouterspace后置定语,修饰ahostileenvironmenttohumans整个句子结构是:原因状语+主句+后置定语这是一个主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分,但是不是复合句。句子的核心意思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境。2.BasictoanyunderstandingofCanadainthe20yearsaftertheSecondWorldWaristhecountry'simpressivepopulationgrowth.(倒装结构Basictoanyunderstanding…is…)要理解二战之后20年中的加拿大,就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。该句的正常语序是Thecountry'simpressivepopulationgrowthisbasictoanyunderstandingofCanadainthe20yearsaftertheSecondWorldWar.本句是一个简单句,只不过使用了倒装,谓语动词是is.3.Asaresult,claimsthateatingadietconsistingentirelyoforganicallygrownfoodspreventsorcuresdiseaseorprovidesotherbenefitstohealthhavebecomewidelypublicizedandformthebasisforfolklore.(同位语从句claimsthat…)本句的主句结构是claimshavebecomewidelypublicizedandformthebasisforfolklore.那些观点广为人知,并成为一些民间说法的基础。同位语从句是thateatingadietconsistingentirelyoforganicallygrownfoodspreventsorcuresdiseaseorprovidesotherbenefitstohealth:只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康本句的机构是主句内部嵌套一个同位语从句,结果,那些认为只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康的观点广为人知,并成为一些民间说法的基础。24.Therearenumerousunsubstantiatedreportsthatnaturalvitaminsaresuperiortosyntheticones,thatfertilizedeggsarenutritionallysuperiortounfertilizedeggs,thatuntreatedgrainsarebetterthanfumigatedgrainsandthelike.(并列同位语从句reportsthat…,that…,that…)关于天然维生素优于人造维生素,受精蛋比未受精蛋的营养价值更高,未经熏蒸消毒处理的谷物比经过处理的好等等报道屡见不鲜,但都没有得到证实。5·ThedesperateplightoftheSouthhaseclipsedthefactthatreconstructionhadtobeundertakenalsointheNorth,thoughlessspectacularly.(同位语从句factthat…)南方极为严重的困境使北方同样需要开始重建(尽管不像南方那么引人注目)这一事实显得不太重要。6·Thenewaccessibilityoflandaroundtheperipheryofalmosteverymajorcitysparkedanexplosionofrealestatedevelopmentandfueledwhatwenowknowasurbansprawl.(宾语从句whatwenowknowas)现在可以获得这些环绕几乎每个大城市边缘地区的土地,这一可能性激发了一场房地产开发的热潮并造成了我们现在称为城区无计划扩展的现象。7.Butthesefactorsdonotaccountfortheinterestingquestionofhowtherecametobesuchaconcentrationofpregnantichthyosaursinaparticularplaceveryclosetotheirtimeofgivingbirth.(Of结构作定语:ofhowtherecametobesuchaconcentrationofpregnantichthyosaurs…)但这些因素并不能解释这个有趣的问题:为何在一个特定的地点会如此集中地出现即将临产的怀孕鱼龙群。8.Amidrumorsthattherewereprehistoricmammothswanderingaroundtheunknownregionandthatsomewhereinitswildswasamountainofrocksalt80by45milesinextent,thetwocaptainssetout.(同位语从句rumorsthat…)当时有一些传言,说有史前的猛犸在这一陌生的区域活动,而且在这一区域的某个地方有一座巨大的盐石山,其面积达80英里长50英里宽。就在这些传言中,两位上尉出发了。9.Intheseventeenthcenturytheorgan,theclavichord,andtheharpsichordbecamethechiefinstrumentsofthekeyboardgroup,asupremacytheymaintaineduntilthepianosupplantedthemattheendoftheeighteenthcentury.(同位语asupremacy)17世纪时风琴、敲弦琴和拨弦琴成为键盘乐器类的主要成员,这种至高无上的地位一直由它们保持,直到18世纪末被钢琴所取代。10.Aseriesofmechanicalimprovementscontinuingwellintothenineteenthcentury,3includingtheintroductionofpedalstosustaintoneortosoftenit,theperfectionofametalframeandsteelwireofthefinestquality,finallyproducedaninstrumentcapableofmyriadtonaleffectsfromthemostdelicateharmoniestoanalmostorchestralfullnessofsound,fromaliquid,singingtonetoasharp,percussivebrilliance.(介词结构from…to…作定语)持续到19世纪的一系列机械上的改进,包括引入踏板以维持音调或使其柔和,改善金属框架,以及使用最佳牲能的钢丝,最终产生了一种具备无数音调效果的乐器——这些效果涵盖了从最精致的和声到几乎全部的管弦乐音响,从明快流畅的吟唱音调到尖锐的打击乐器的恢弘气氛。11.Thelargest。laternamedPuebloBonito(PrettyTown)bytheSpanish,roseinfiveterracedstories,containedmorethan800rooms,andcouldhavehousedapopulationof1,000ormore.(虚拟语气)最大的一座后来被西班牙人称为PuebloBonito(美丽的城镇),是一个五层梯式楼,有800多问房子,能够容纳1000人以上。12.Accustomedthoughwearetospeakingofthefilmsmadebefore1927as“silent”,thefilmhasneverbeen,inthefullsenseoftheword,silent.(倒装accustomedthoughweare…=thoughweareaccustomed…)虽然我们习惯于将1927年以前的电影叫做“无声电影”,但是就“无声’’这个词的完整意义上说,电影从未真正的无声过。13.Foranumberofyearstheselectionofmusicforeachfilmprogramrestedentirelyinthehandsoftheconductororleaderoftheorchestra,andveryoftentheprincipalqualificationfarholdingsuchapositionwasnotskillortastesomuchastheownershipofalargepersonallibraryofmusicalpieces.(特殊结构not…SOmuchas…——与其说…不如说…)在好些年内,为各部影片选择配乐的权力完全掌握在乐队指挥或队长手中,而通常担任这种职位的资格与其说是技巧或鉴赏品位,不如说是个人拥有音乐作品的丰富收藏。14·Coincidentwithconcernsabouttheacceleratinglossofspeciesandhabitatshasbeenagrowingappreciationoftheimportanceofbiologicaldiversity,thenumberofspeciesinaparticularecosystem,tothehealthoftheEarthandhumanwell-being.(倒装coincidentwithconcerns…hasbeen…=…hasbeencoincidentwithconcerns…)在对物种和动物栖息地加速消失表示关注的同时,人们也越来越认识到生物多样化,即一个特定生态系统中物种的数量对地球的健康以及人类幸福的重要性。15.Thefactthathalfoftheknownspeciesarethoughttoinhabittheworld'srainforestsdoesnotseemsurprising,consideringthehugenumbersofinsectsthatcomprisethebulkofthespecies.(同位语从句factthat…;定语从句thatcomprisethebulk…)考虑到组成大部分物种的昆虫的巨大数量,认为半数的已知物种栖息在世界的雨林中这一事实看起来并不令人吃惊。416.Toappreciatefullythediversityandabundanceoflifeinthesea,ithelpstothinksmall.(特殊结构ithelpsto…做…有帮助)要充分认识海洋生命的多样性和丰富性,从小的角度思考有帮助。17.Scienceisbuiltwithfactsjustasah