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InstituteofFood,NutritionandHumanHealthANOVERVIEWOFNEWZEALANDDAIRYPRODUCTION新西兰乳业生产概况新西兰乳业生产概况IanBrookesCOMPARISONOFNZANDOVERSEASDAIRYPRODUCTION新西兰奶牛牧场系统和国外牧场系统的对比新西兰奶牛牧场系统和国外牧场系统的对比NZld新西兰USA/EU美/欧•NewZealand新西兰•Grazedpasture•放牧人工草场•USA/EU美/欧•Conservedforage/grains•保存饲草作物或谷粒•Outdoors•舍外•365calvinginterval•Housed•舍内•Allyearcalving•365calvinginterval•产犊间隔365天•Largeherds(~350cows)Allyearcalving•全年产犊•Smallherds(~100cows)小牛群头•大牛群（˜350头）•Lowlabouruse•低劳动力•小牛群（˜100头）•Highlabouruse•高劳动力低劳动力•Lowcapitalinvestment•低成本Etfldi高劳动力•Highcapitalinvestment•高成本Domesticmarketpricesupport•Exportfocus–worldprices•针对出口-全球价格•Domesticmarket–pricesupport•国内市场-价格支持MilksolidsProcessed加工奶固体产量注每从六始年比较注：每月从六月开始三年比较RELATIONSHIPBETWEENTOTALCOSTSOFPRODUCTIONANDPROPORTIONOFGRASSINCOW’SDIET不同国家总生产成本(Y)与牛饲料中含草成分(X)的相关不同国家总生产成本(Y)与牛饲料中含草成分(X)的相关Dillonetal.(2008)()PASTUREHARVESTED:AKEYDRIVEROFFARMPROFIT每公顷被利用的草（公斤X）是牧场利润(Y)主要因素每公顷被利用的草（公斤-X）是牧场利润(Y)主要因素PastureEaten&EFSOwners2004/0524000R2=0.3041250030003500EFS100015002000Adjusted05001000020004000600080001000012000140001600018000Payout-1000-500020004000600080001000012000140001600018000PastureEatenkgDM/haGRAZINGSYSTEMS放牧系统Strengths优势Lttkilklid每公斤奶固体成本低•Lowestcostsperkgmilksolids每公斤奶固体成本低•Healthyconditionsforcows奶牛有益键康的环境条件•Pasturesandtheirsoils-fixandstorecarbon草场与Pasturesandtheirsoils-fixandstorecarbon草场与土壤可以固炭和贮藏炭劣势Weaknesses劣势•Grazinglimitsdailyintake&yieldpercow放牧牛因采吃草有限会影响生产吃草有限会影响生产•Shorterseasonallactations季节性挤奶所以产奶期较短Slitiiilk奶生产量的变动跟随季节•Seasonalvariationsinmilk奶生产量的变动跟随季节•Requiresgoodfertilityincows需要繁殖效能高的母牛•LeachingofP&Nfromexcreta氮与磷从粪便滤出•LeachingofP&Nfromexcreta氮与磷从粪便滤出KEYDRIVERSOFPROFITABLEMILKPRODUCTIONONNEWZEALANDDAIRYFARMS新西兰奶牛牧场高利润的主要动力新西兰奶牛牧场高利润的主要动力•Pasture草(kgDMeaten/ha)(啃吃的草公斤干物/公顷）公斤干物/公顷）Ptlit草质量(MJME/kDM)（•Pasturequality草质量(MJME/kgDM)（能量/公斤干物）能量/公斤干物）•Cowefficiency奶牛效能(kgMS/kgDMCowefficiency奶牛效能(kgMS/kgDMeaten)（公斤奶固体/公斤啃吃的草）)MAXIMUMPRODUCTIONPERHECTAREMAXIMUMPRODUCTIONPERHECTARE每公顷最佳生产量每公顷最佳生产量•Growasmuchpasture/haaspossibleGrowasmuchpasture/haaspossible每公顷达到最高草产量•UtiliseasmuchpastureaspossibleUtiliseasmuchpastureaspossible最大限度的利用草•Feedeachanimalasmuchaspossible•Feedeachanimalasmuchaspossible最大限度的喂牛EFFECTOFSTOCKINGRATEONMILKPRODUCTION载蓄量(X)和奶生产之相关PRODUCTION载蓄量(X)和奶生产之相关公斤奶固体/牛公斤奶固体/公顷y=346.1Ln(x)+697R2=0996445050011501200R=0.9964400450/Cow11001150S/Hay=-234.02Ln(x)+618.08300350KgMS/10001050KgMSy234.02Ln(x)618.08R2=0.988820025020253035409009502.02.53.03.54.0StockingRate(Cows/Ha)AdaptedfromMacdonaldetal(2001)AdaptedfromMacdonaldetal.(2001)THEGRAZINGDILEMMA放牧的两难论放牧的两难论•Highdailypastureintakerequiresgenerousfeeding.每日高度的采食需要充足的草来喂养•Butthisleavesexcessiveamountsofungrazedpasture•Butthisleavesexcessiveamountsofungrazedpasture.这会留下太多没利用的草•Thisresultsinfuturelossofpastureandlowpasturequality.影响到草以后的生产和质量•Goodmanagementistheartofbalancingtheneedsofthecowsandofthepasturesinthepresentandforthefuturecowsandofthepastures,inthepresentandforthefuture.最佳草场管理是能平衡的保持着，草与牛目前和将来的共同需求需求PASTUREGROWTH草生产FACTORSAFFECTINGPASTUREGROWTH影响草生产的因素之一–草品种PCliPastureCultivars•190pasturecultivarsavailableinNewZealand•190pasturecultivarsavailableinNewZealand新西兰有190品种的草Littleadvanceinceilingyieldsover50years•Littleadvanceinceilingyieldsover50years五十年来最高产量没有进展4yeartrialunderdairygrazing四年在放牧情形下试验.1980‘sRyegrasses黑麦草1998Ryegrasses黑麦草1960‘sClovers白三叶1998Clovers白三叶Chtl(2006)白三叶白三叶tnDM/ha吨干物/公斤16.016.8Crushetal.(2006)FACTORSAFFECTINGPASTUREGROWTH影响草生产的因素之一-氮肥NiFiliNitrogenFertiliser•In1970sNfertiliserappliedtacticallytofillfeedgaps(•In1970s,Nfertiliserappliedtacticallytofillfeedgaps(50kgN/haannually)七十年代氮肥是用在补充草的不足（每公顷每年用50公斤）七十年代氮肥是用在补充草的不足（每公顷每年用50公斤）•Nfertiliseruseincreased~10timessince1985•Nfertiliseruseincreased~10timessince1985(100kgN/haannually)从1985年开始氮肥施用增加了10倍(每公顷每年用100公斤)从1985年开始氮肥施用增加了10倍(每公顷每年用100公斤)StrategicseofNtospporthighstockingrates•StrategicuseofNtosupporthighstockingrates战略性的利用氮肥来支持高载蓄量FACTORSAFFECTINGPASTUREGROWTH影响草生产的因素之一–灌溉IiiIrrigation影响草生产的因素之一–灌溉Iii•RapidexpansionofdairyinginSouthIslandIrrigationppyg在南岛奶牧场有高速的发展CowNumbersSouthIslandNewZealand牛(头)南岛新西兰%1973-74年161,1912,190,1257200708年12555624012867312007-08年1,255,5624,012,86731•350,000hainCanterburyirrigated堪达部利(省)有350000公顷灌溉地•146,000hausedfordairying其中146000公顷是奶牛牧场Ilitiffttllti这对将来水的分配有问题•Implicationsforfuturewaterallocation这对将来水的分配有问题FACTORSAFFECTINGPASTUREGROWTH影响草生产的因素之一-土壤镇压SilCiSoilCompactionsci.waikato.ac.nzFACTORSAFFECTINGPASTUREGROWTH影响草生产的因素之一-土壤镇压SoilCompactionSoilCompaction处理对照轻踩踏重踩踏公斤/公顷公斤/公顷总产量黑麦草白三叶白三叶杂草白三叶比率Moderatepuggingon50%andseverepuggingon10%ofthefarmcalculatedtoreducemilksolidsproductionby16%Menneeretal.(2001)50%试验地中等镇压10%试验地重镇压处理引到奶固体下降16%FACTORSAFFECTINGPASTUREGROWTH影响草生产的因素之一-土壤镇压SoilCompactionSoilCompactionFeedPads饲养地