生产和操作管理

ProductionandOperationsManagement:ManufacturingandServicesPowerPointPresentationforChapter12ManagingtheSupplyChainChaseAquilanoJacobsEighthEditionIrwin/McGraw-Hill©TheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.,19982Chapter12ManagingtheSupplyChainSupplyChainManagementOutsourcingValueDensityPurchasingTheFirmasSupplierJITPurchasingGlobalPurchasing3SupplyChainManagementApplyatotalsystemsapproachtomanagingtheentireflowof–information–materials–andservicesRawmaterialsuppliersFactories&warehousesEndcustomer4OutsourcingPurchaseditemsaccountfor60to70%ofthecostofgoodssold.Outsourcingallowsfirmstofocusontheircorecompetencies.–Organizationsoutsourcewhentheydecidetopurchasesomethingtheyhadbeenmakingin-house.Typicallyhandledbymaterialsmanagementfunction.5MakeorBuyCurrenttrendfavorsoutsourcingallactivitiesthatdonotdirectlyrepresentorsupportcorecompetencies.Arethereanydangersassociatedwithaggressiveoutsourcing?WhataretheimplicationsforJITproduction?6ValueDensityValueperunitofweightWhyisitimportanttoknowvalueperunitofweight?Ishighvaluedensitygoodorbad?7PurchasingNolongerjustordertakers….Purchasingneedtoknow–material–performance–availability–suppliers8TheFirmasaSupplierInthischapter,wediscusstheroleofthefirmasabuyerofgoodsandservices.Howdoestheperspectivechangewhentheshoeisontheotherfoot?9PartnershipRelationshipContinuingrelationshipinvolving–acommitmentoveranextendedtimeperiod,–anexchangeofinformation,and–anacknowledgementoftherisks&rewardsoftherelationship.10SupplierSelectionUsingtheAnalyticalHierarchyProcess(AHP)Processusedtodetermineweightsforsupplier-selectioncriteria.–AHPallowsindividualstousetheirownpersonalpsychometricscaleformakingpair-wisecomparisonsbetweencriteriausedtoevaluatesuppliers.–Consistencymeasurescanbecalculatedasacross-checktodeterminehowwellthescaleisbeingfollowed.11JITPurchasing--RequirementsReducedlotsizesFrequentandreliabledeliveryschedulesReducedandhighlyreliableleadtimesConsistentlyhighqualitylevelsforpurchasedmaterials12JITPurchasing--SuppliersFewer,nearbysuppliersRepeatbusinessSupportsuppliers’competitivenessClustersofremotesuppliersLimitcompetitivebiddingtonewpartsResistverticalintegrationEncouragesupplierstoimplementJITpurchasing13JITPurchasing--QuantitiesSteadyoutputrate(adesirableprerequisite)FrequentdeliveriesinsmalllotquantitiesLong-termcontractagreementswithminimalreleasepaperworkDeliverquantitiesvariablefromreleasetoreleasebutfixedforwholecontractterm14JITPurchasing--Quantities(Ctd)LittleornopermissibleoverageorunderageofreceiptsSuppliersencouragedtopackageinexactquantitiesSuppliersencouragedtoreducetheirproductionlotsizes(orstoreunreleasedmaterial)15JITPurchasing--QualityMinimalproductspecificationsimposedonsupplierHelpsupplierstomeetqualityrequirementsCloserelationshipsbetweenbuyers'andsuppliers'qualityassurancepeopleSuppliersencouragedtouseprocesscontrolchartsinsteadoflotsamplinginspection16JITPurchasing--ShippingSchedulingofinboundfreightGaincontrolbyuseof–company-ownedorcontractshipping–contractwarehousing–trailersforfreightconsolidation/storage17JITPurchasing--BenefitsConsistentqualitySavingsonresourcesLowercostsSpecialattentionSavingontoolingLoyaltyassociatedwithlong-termrelationshipswithsuppliers18GlobalSourcingOriginalstrategywastoreduceproductioncosts.Changingfocusofglobalpurchasingincludes–productavailability–technology–delivery–leadtimes–laboravailabilityandquality.19ElectronicInformationFlowElectronicDataInterchange(EDI)QuickResponse(QR)EfficientConsumerResponse(ECR)