生产理论

[TheoryofProducerBehavior][]——————————[Firm]——[Proprietorship][UnlimitedLiability][Partnership][JointUnlimitedLiability][Corporation][LimitedLiability]————[DepressingTransactionscost]“1937R·H·31”EconomicOrganizationandTransactionCosts[]·,1992,,[TransactionscostandCoaseTheorem]“”CoaseTheorem[RobertCooter]·,1992,,[ProfitMaximization]——————[Input-OutputAnalysis]——[Cost-RevenueAnalysis][productionfunction]——y=f(x)y—x—[FactorsofProduction]——“”[1][2][1]y=f(x)[2]y=f(x1,x2,…,xn)[3](y1,y2,…,ym)=f(x)[4](y1,y2,…,ym)=f(x1,x2,…,xn)32[TechnologicalCoefficient]————————Q=ALΑKΒL—K—A—()αβ—A00α10β1α+β=1αβY=a+bx+cx²–dx³AΕ0b0c0d0[ShortRun]——[LongRun]——[ScaleofProduction][FixedInput]——[VariableInput]——[]TP—[TotalProduct]AP—[AverageProduct]MP—[MarginalProduct]TP=f(x)x—AP=MP=MP==TPXTPXdTPdXTPXLimXÆ033APK==——:TPKALKα-1βMPK==∂TP∂Kα-1βALKβQ=ALKαβ(A0,α0,β0)TP=ALKαβTPLβ-1αMPL==∂TP∂LαALKβ-1αAPL==ALK•Y=a+bx+cx²–dx³•a=0b=3c=2d=0.1•TP=3x+2x²–0.1x³•AP==3+2x–0.1x²•MP==3+4x–0.3x²TPXdTPdX[theLawofDiminishingMarginalReturn]——:[1][TechnologicalCoefficient][2][TechnologicalLevel][3][Capability]y=3x+2x²–0.1x³FIXYY/XdY/dX10000114.94.96.71213.26.69.81324.38.112.31437.69.414.21552.510.515.51668.411.416.21784.712.116.318100.812.615.819116.112.914.71101301313111141.912.910.7112151.212.67.8113157.312.14.3114159.611.40.2115157.510.5-4.5116150.49.4-9.8-10-8-6-4-2024681012141618024681012141618XYY/XdY/dXY020406080100120140160024681012141618Y34MP0,TPMP0,TPMP=0,TPMPAP,APMPAP,APMP=AP,APMP=AP,AP[]•TP=f(x),AP=,MP=•=0,•==••==0•MP—AP=0MP=AP•MP=APAPTPxdAPdxdAPdxx•dTP/dx—TPx²dTPdxx•MP—x•APx²MP—APxEK=y==βKQ——[]∂Q∂KβALKα-1βK1ALKαβEL=y==αLQ∂Q∂LαL1ALKαβαALKβ-1Q=ALKαβ(A0,α0,β0)1—(αβ)2α+β=1—[]•[OutputElasticity]•——TP=f(x)x,TPEpEp=y=X1TPdTPdXTPXdTPdX=MPAPMPAPEp1MP=APEp=1MPAPEp1MP=APx0MP=AP,AP(AP)d²APdx²x•dMP/dx–MPx²x•dMP/dx–MPx²x•dMP/dx–2(MP–AP)x²=dAPdxMP—APx==MPxAPx–x•dAP/dx–APx²–(MP–AP)–APx²–==d²APdx²=dMP/dxx0MP=0,TP[]•TP=f(x),MP=•=0MP=0•MP=0TP••=•0•MP=0TP•(AP)dTPdxdMPdxdTPdxd²TPdx²dMPdx0AP[MAX]AP[MAX]TP[MAX]TP[MAX]35TPAPMPmaxmaxmax0=00maxmaxTPAPMPYX0Ep10Ep1Ep0yyyyyyEp=0Ep=1MAX(AP)MAX(MP)MAX(TP)-10-8-6-4-20246810121416024681012141618XYY/XdY/dXY020406080100120140160024681012141618Y¬­®FIXYY/XdY/dXdY/dX*X/Y100000114.94.96.71.371213.26.69.81.481324.38.112.31.521437.69.414.21.511552.510.515.51.481668.411.416.21.421784.712.116.31.3518100.812.615.81.2519116.112.914.71.1411013013131.00111141.912.910.70.83112151.212.67.80.62113157.312.14.30.36114159.611.40.20.02115157.510.5-4.5-0.43116150.49.4-9.8-1.04¬­®[]TΠ=TR–TCTΠ—TR—TC—Px—Py—FC—TC=Px•x+FCMC=dTC/dx=PxTR=Py•TPMR=dTR/dx=Py•MPdTP/dx=dTR/dx–dTC/dx=0,MR=MC,Py•MP=PxMP=Px/PyY=3x+2x²–0.1x³Px=100Py=20FC=10003601000200030004000024681012141618TCTR-1500-1000-50005001000024681012141618T-300-200-1000100200300400024681012141618MCMRXYTCTRT0010000-100014.9110098-1002213.21200264-936324.31300486-814437.61400752-648552.515001050-450668.416001368-232784.717001694-68100.8180020162169116.119002322422101302000260060011141.92100283873812151.22200302482413157.32300314684614159.62400319279215157.52500315065016150.426003008408TPAPMPYX0MP0MPPXPYzMAX(TΠ)zMAX(TP)¬­®MAX(AP)TP=dy/dx=0MP=0TΠ=TR–TCTC=Px•x+FCTR=Py•TPTΠ=dTΠ/dx=d(TR-TC)/dx=0MR-MC=0MR=MCMR=Py•MPMC=PxMR=MC⇒PyyMP=PxMP=Px/Pyy=f(x1,x2)——[IsoquantaCurve]——TP=f(L,K)L—K—TP—TPK=g(L)L=g(K)[][MarginalRateofTechnicalSubstitution]——37K=g(L)MRTSLKK/LdK/dL0L=g(K)MRTSKLL/KdL/dK012351234KL0ABC45LKA14B22C4115MTRS0MTRS0MRTSMRTS0[]X2X10A1B1A2A3B2B3X2X10AB[IsocostCurve]——TCPL×LPK×KTCPLPKKTCPK(PLPK)LLTCPL(PKPL)K012351234KL0ABC45100DEL[PL=25]K[PL=25]A04B13C22D31E40[]TCPL×LPK×K38PLPKTCPKKL12351234KL045PL=25PL=5012351234KL045PK=25PK=50:12351234KL0E45ABC12351234KL0E45ABC12351234KL0E45K0LE2E1E3[]39:ÌTPÌLÌTPÌKÌKÌLÌTPMPLÌTPMPKÌTPMPLÌTPMPKMPLMPKMPL=MPK=ÌL=ÌK=MRTSLK===PLPKMPLMPK=MPKPKMPLPL=MPKPKMPLPL=[][]PLL+PKK=TC[][]PL×LPK×KPLyÌLPKyÌKPLPKMPLMPK=ÌKÌLMRTSLK==LKTCKLTCPL×LPK×KLKTCKLTCPL×LPK×KTCLKTCKLTPLKTCKLTCTCPLPKMPLMPKPLPKMPLMPKPLPKMPLMPK=LKTPKLTPLKTPKLTPTPPLPKMPLMPKPLPKMPLMPKPLPKMPLMPK=:40[]x=f(y1,y2)[ProductionPossibilityCurve]——X=f(y1,y2)Xy2=g(y1)y1=g(y2)——[MarginalRateofProductTransformation]——y2=g(y1)MRPTy1y2y2/y1dy2/dy102004006002006001200y2y11000ABCDE800Fy1y2A0800B200740C400650D600500E800300F10000400800MRPT0MRPT0MRPT0MRPT00y2y1ABCDETRPy2TRPy1y1y2A0850B200750C400650D800450E1000350F17000200400600200600120010008004008001400F1600——TRPy1×y1Py2×y2TRPy1Py2y2y1Py1Py2TRPy2410[]TRPy1×y1Py2×y2Py1Py2TRPy2y2y10y2200400600200600120010008004008001400y1EPy1y1Py2y2Py1y1Py2y2y1y2TRy2y1TRPy1y1Py2y2y1y2TRy2y1TRPy1y1Py2y2TRPy1y1Py2y2Py1Py2y2y1=[][]Py1y1xPy2y2xPy1MPxy1Py2MPxy2MRxy1MRxy2MRxy1MRxy2Py1y1Py2y2Py1y1xPy2y2xy1xy2xY1MPxy1Y2MPxy242MRX2y1Px2MRX1y1Px1=MRXny1Pxn=yyyyyyMRX2y2Px2MRX1y2Px1=MRXny2Pxn=yyyyyyMRX2ymPx2MRX1ymPx1=MRXnymPxn=yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyMPX2Px2MPX1Px1=MPXnPxn=yyyyyyMRX2y1Px2MRX1y1Px1=MRXny1Pxn=yyyyyyMRxy1MRxy2=MRxym=yyyyyyMRX1y2Px1MRX1y1Px1=MRX1ymPx1=yyyyyy[ReturntoScale]——:————[1][IncreasingReturnstoScale]——[2][ConstantReturnstoScale]——[3][DecreasingReturnstoSca