生產管理概論1個案討論全球市佔率第一的汽車廠,―BENZ?BMW?GM?TOYOTA?…(JIT,QualityManagement)Wal-Mart低價策略的背後推手…(SupplyChainManagement)**汽車週休三日…(CapacityPlanning)鴻海裁過頭,回補萬名員工…(AggregateProductionPlanning)消費券對3C產業的影響…(BullwhipEffect)生產線上看起來很忙碌…(WorkStudy,Scheduling,QualityManagement,JustinTime…)黑*蔡的抱怨…(BullwhipEffect,DistributionChannels)FedEx(speed)vs.宅配(lowcost,dependabledeliveries,doortodoor)生產管理概論2企業功能生產:透過轉換過程將各種投入資源轉換成最終產品與服務。行銷:發掘消費者實質或潛在的需求,並透過各種手段加以滿足。人力資源管理:配合組織的策略及各項作業需要,適時的提供所需人力在質與量上的滿足。研究發展:配合組織的策略需求,維持組織的產品與製程技術在一定水準上的程度,以求提昇企業的競爭力。財務:配合組織各項作業,找尋適當資金來源,以最低的資金成本滿足組織資金需求,並將風險控制在可以接受範圍之內。資訊:籌建組織的資訊系統,提供組織各階層所需的資訊,以支援內部作業、輔助決策制定,或以網路連結上、下游的供應商、通路與顧客,追求提昇企業的競爭優勢。生產管理概論3管理功能規劃:界定組織的目標,並找尋達成目標的手段或方法。組織:界定各單位的業務職掌與權責,建立分工合作的關係。領導:激勵員工使其朝向組織的目標努力,提供最大貢獻。控制:掌握業務的進行方向,以追求組織目標的達成。生產管理概論4企業管理矩陣行銷生產人事財務資訊研發規劃組織領導控制生產管理概論5作業管理的意義管理是藉由計劃、組織、用人、領導、控制等功能性的活動,使組織內部的人物、設備、錢、資訊、時間等資源有效地整合與運用,俾達組織所追求的目標,並達成內、外部顧客最大的滿足。生產管理概論6生產系統投入土地勞動資本轉換過程產出貨品服務控制回饋回饋回饋附加價值生產管理概論7附加價值作業功能的本質是在轉換的過程中增加價值。附加價值(value-added):投入成本與產出價值(或價格)之間的差異。生產管理概論8ProcessesProcessesshouldaddvalue.Processescanbebrokendownintosub-processes,whichinturncanbebrokendownfurther.Anyprocessthatispartofalargerprocessisconsidereda“nestedprocess.”Eachprocessandeachnestedprocesshasinputsandoutputs.生產管理概論9Externalvs.InternalCustomersExternalCustomersarethosewhopurchasethegoodsandservices.InternalCustomersarethosewhoreceivetheoutputofotherswithinthefirm.Theyarepartofthetransformationprocess.InputsfromotherprocessesTransformationProcesses(Addingvalue)OutputstoInternalortoExternalcustomers生產管理概論10問題討論提升效率壓縮工時生產管理概論11ValueChainsValuechainsareaninterrelatedseriesofprocessesthatproduceaserviceorproducttothesatisfactionofcustomers.Valuechainsmayhavecoreprocessesorsupportprocesses.Coreprocessesdelivervaluetoexternalcustomers.Supportprocessesprovidevitalinputsforthecoreprocesses.生產管理概論12CoreProcesses1.CustomerrelationshipprocessesIdentify,attract,andbuildrelationshipswithexternalcustomersandfacilitatetheplacementoforders.2.Newservice/productdevelopmentprocessesDesignanddevelopnewservicesorproductsfrominputsreceivedfromexternalcustomerspecifications.3.OrderfulfillmentprocessesTheactivitiesrequiredtoproduceanddelivertheserviceorproducttotheexternalcustomers.4.SupplierrelationshipprocessesSelectsuppliersofservices,materialsandinformationandfacilitatethetimelyandefficientflowoftheseitemsintothefirm.生產管理概論13問題討論顧客要什麼―wiivs.PS3Dell的成功中衛體系vs.彼此競爭的供應商生產管理概論14OperationsastheTechnicalCoreOperationsFinance/AccountingHumanResourcesMarketingSuppliersProductionandInventorydataCapitalbudgetingrequestsCapacityexpansionandTechnologyplansBudgetsCostanalysisCapitalinvestmentsStockholderrequirementsOrdersformaterialsProductionanddeliverySchedulesQualityRequirementsDesign/PerformancespecsMaterialavailabilityQualitydataDeliveryschedulesDesignsProduct/ServiceAvailabilityLead-timeestimatesStatusoforderDeliveryschedulesSalesforecastsCustomerordersCustomerfeedbackPromotionsPersonnelneedsSkillsetsPerformanceevaluationsJobdesign/workmeasurementHiring/firingTrainingLegalrequirementsUnioncontractnegotiations生產管理概論15作業管理的範籌1•系統設計–產品與服務的設計–製程選擇–產能規劃–設施規劃–工作系統的設計•系統作業–品質管制–總體規劃–存量管理–物料需求計劃–專案管理生產管理概論16OperationsRoadmap(作業管理的範籌2)CompetingwithOperationsOperationsAsaCompetitiveWeapon1OperationsStrategy2ProcessDesignStrategy3DesigningValueChainsSupplyChainDesign9LeanSystems11Location10DesigningandImprovingProcessesProcessAnalysis4ProcessPerformanceandQuality5ProcessCapability6ProcessLayout7PlanningandManagingProjects8OperatingValueChainsInformationTechnologyandValueChains12Forecasting13InventoryManagement15ResourcePlanning16Scheduling17AggregatePlanning14Outcomes生產管理概論17作業管理的責任(作業管理的範籌3)產品&服務規劃–產能–地點––自製或外購–佈置–專案–排程控制–存貨–品質成本生產力組織–中央集權的程度–製程選擇用人–雇用/遣散–加班指導–獎勵計畫–工作命令–工作指派––生產管理概論18HistoricalEventsinOMIndustrialRevolutionScientificManagementHumanRelationsManagementScienceQualityRevolutionGlobalizationInformationAge/InternetRevolution生產管理概論19HistoricalEventsinOMIndustrialRevolutionSteamengine1769JamesWattDivisionoflabor1776AdamSmithInterchangeableparts1790EliWhitneyScientificManagementPrinciples1911FrederickW.TaylorTimeandmotionstudies1911Frank&LillianGilbrethActivityschedulingchart1912HenryGantMovingassemblyline1913HenryFord生產管理概論20HistoricalEventsinOMHumanRelationsHawthornestudies1930EltonMayoMotivationtheories1940sAbrahamMaslow1950sFrederickHertzberg1960sDouglasMcGregorManagementScienceLinearprogramming1947GeorgeDantzigDigitalcomputer1951RemingtonRandSimulation,PERT/CPM,1950sOperationsresearchWaitinglinetheorygroupsMRP1960sJosephOrlicky,IBM生產管理概論21HistoricalEventsinOMQualityRevolutionJIT1970sTaiichiOhno,ToyotaTQM1980sW.EdwardsDeming,JosephJuran,et.al.StrategyandoperationsSkinner,HayesReengineering1990sHammer,ChampyWorldTradeOrganization1990sNumerouscountriesandcompaniesGlobalizationEuropeanUnionand1970sIBMandothersothertradeagreementsEDI,EFT,CIM1980s生產管理概論22HistoricalEventsinOMInformationAge/InternetRevolutionInternet,