精實生產簡介Let’sdefineLeanManufacturing精實生產的定義Forourdiscussion,wewilldefineleanmanufacturingasthe“processofidentifyingandeliminatingwastewithinouroperationsincludingmanufacturing,engineeringandadministration.”對於此次課程討論而言,我們將「精實」定義為:「生產、設計與管理運作當中,『找出』並『消除』浪費的過程。」EvolutionoftheManufacturingSystemTheprocessofmanufacturingandsupplyingproductshasevolvedfromsimplecraftproductiontoafast-paced,global-orientedarena.產品的產銷流程已經從手工製造發展到快速、全球導向的競爭中。Evolution發展Craft手工Mass量產Lean精實Lessindividualcontrol;Responsibilitiesdistributedovermanypeople.個人管制較少,責任分佈於眾人身上。TimeandResourcesforcetransition時間與資源逼使著轉變出現Customerdemandistheuniversaldriverinchange所有改變的驅動力是:客戶需求WASTE浪費CustomerOrder客戶下單CustomerOrder客戶下單Waste浪費XProductShipment出貨Time時間Time(shorter)時間(變短)LeanManufacturinghelpstoshortenthetimelinebetweenthecustomerorderandtheproductshipment.精實生產有助於縮短「客戶下單與出貨」中的時間。Conditionsthatweresatisfactoryyesterdayarenotacceptabletoday.Tomorrow’sdemandswillbeevengreater.昨天滿意的條件今天未必被接受。明天的需求甚至會更多更大。XProductShipment出貨WhymakethechangetoLeanManufacturing?為何要轉變到精實生產?LeanManufacturingimplementationhasbeenshowntoaidcompaniesinthefollowingareas:精實生產已運用在下列範疇中:•Improvedproductivity改善生產力•Peoplenotwastingeffortonnon-valueaddedtasks人們不會浪費時間在沒有價值的工作上•Predictableandstabileenvironment一個可知且穩定的環境•GreaterQualityAssurance更好的品質保證•Toolsdesignedtoachievedefectelimination,notdetection工具是設計來以減少不良,而不只是用來檢驗。•GreaterFlexibility更大的彈性•Quickerresponsetochangesincustomerorders快速反應以符合客戶要求的轉變•ReduceCost降低成本So,whatisLeanManufacturing?那麼,什麼是精實生產呢?•Rememberourdefinition謹記我們的定義:•“Theprocessofidentifyingandeliminatingwastewithinouroperationsincludingmanufacturing,engineeringandadministration.”「生產、設計與管理運作當中,『找出』並『消除』浪費的過程。」•Forthisconversation,wewilllimitourscopetothemanufacturingoperation.這裡,我們會將討論範圍限定在「生產面」。Howshouldwedeterminewhat“waste”is:我們如何定義浪費?Wastedefined:浪費的定義是:Waste-anythingthattakestime,resourcesorspacebutdoesnotaddtothevalueoftheproductorservicedeliveredtothecustomer.耗費時間、資源或空間,卻沒有對客戶手上的產品或服務,增加價值的一切事務。Whileproductsmadeineachfactorymaybedifferent,thetypicalwastesfoundinfactoriesaresimilar:雖說產品各有不同,但工廠裡出現的浪費卻是類似的:•Correction修補•Conveyance輸送•Motion動作•Over-production過量生產•Over-processing多餘制程•Waiting等待•Inventory儲存WASTE浪費WasteofProductDefects產品不良的浪費•Whendefectsoccuratonestation,operatorsatsubsequentstationswastetimewaiting,therebyaddingcosttotheproductandaddingproductionleadtime.當某工序出現瑕疵時,下工序的人就必須「花時間」等待,因此增加產品成本與等待時間。•Furthermore,reworkmayberequiredorthedefectiveproductsarescrapped.不只如此,可能還要返工或報廢該產品。•Ifadefectoccursinassembly,additionallaborisrequiredtodisassembleandadditionalpartsarerequiredtoreassemble.如果成型出現一個不良,額外的動作就會被用作來拆裝;也需要另一個新物件來重新組裝。WasteofConveyance運送的浪費ForExample範例:Rawmaterialbeingstoredawayfromtheplaceofuse.原物料儲存處遠離現場Result結果:Wemustinformtrackingpersonnelwheretopickupmaterial我們必須告知專門運送人員去提領物料Wewillneedadditionalstoragelocationotherthanpointofuse我們需要在現場之外準備儲存區域Weneedadditionalmaterialmovementpersonnelandequipment我們需要額外運送物料的人員與設備ProcessingWaste流程的浪費Performingoperationsthatarenotrequiredtomanufactureorassembletheproducttothecustomers’qualityexpectations.係指,與「符合客戶品質要求的生產裝配」無關的動作。WasteofMotion動作的浪費•Whatevertimenotspentinaddingvaluetotheproductshouldbeeliminatedasmuchaspossible.與增加產品價值無關的時間,都應該盡可能地消除。•Movementdoesnotnecessarilyindicatevalue-addedwork.「移動」不必然表示它是個「增加價值」的工作。CategoriesofWork工作分類•ValueAdded-somethingthecustomerwillpayfor•附加價值---客戶願意付錢買•Incidental-somethingwhichhastobedone•附加---某些本來不用作,但卻必須做的事。•Waste-providesnovalueorservice•浪費---沒有價值或幫助的事“EliminateWaste:消除浪費ReduceIncidentalWork”減少附加動作MotionWastefromOver-production過量生產所導致的浪費Createdbyproducinggoodsabovetheamountrequiredbythemarket.生產超出市場需求數量的產品會導致:Over-Production過量生產•extradefects額外的不良•extrahandling額外的操作•extraspace額外的空間•extramachining過度使用機器•extrapaperwork多餘的文書往返•extrapeople額外的人員•extraoverhead額外的經常性支出WasteofExcessInventory過量儲存的浪費•AsshownwithOver-production,excessinventoryrequiresextracosttohandleandmaintain.誠如過量生產所說,過量儲存需要額外的成本來運作維持•Excessinventoryalsocoversproblemsintheoperation….過量儲存也會掩蓋住操作中的一些問題…排程不良機器故障品質問題運送途徑過長供應商交期生產線不平衡設定時間過長曠工溝通問題欠缺日常管理儲存之海ToolsofLeanManufacturing精實生產的工具•PullSystem後拉式系統•StandardizedProcedures標準化流程•RapidSetUp快速上線•ErrorProofing防呆•TotalProductiveMaintenance全面設備保養•VisualManagement目視管理MaterialMovement物料移動•Intraditionalmanufacturing,allprocessdepartmentsreceiveschedulesandproducetoit.在傳統製造業,流程上所有的各單位接受安排,並依此操作。•Eachprocessproducestheirpartsandforwardsthemtothenextprocess.每個單一流程各自生產,並將其交至下一流程。•ThisiscommonlyreferredtoasthePushSystem.這就是一般所謂的「推式系統」。MaterialMovement(cont..)物料移動(續)•ThePushSystemmakesadaptingtochangeverydifficult.推式系統使得接受改變非常困難•Theresultisextrainventoriesofpartsnotneededaccumulatingintheproducingdepartments….結果就是,在生產線上堆積了不需要的物件,而需要額外儲存。•Andshortagesofpartsthatareneededinthedownstreamprocesses.下游工序就開始缺料MaterialMovement(cont...)物料移動(續)•Incontrast,a“PullSystem”providesthatonlythedownstreamprocessreceivestheschedule.相反的,後拉式系統只依經過計畫後的產量安排,提供下游工序物件。•Eachupstreamprocessmaintainsastandard“in-process”stocklevelthatthesubsequentprocesswithdrawsfrom.前一工序依照下一工序所需,維持標準「線上存貨」的水準。•This“pull”triggerst