搜索
限制家畜生产的营养物质TheFirstLimitingNutrientPurpose•Knowtheimportance/moneyofgoodnutrition•knowwhatgoodnutritionmeans•knowthefunctionsofthecomponentsofnutrition•whatlimitsproduction•hownutritionandhealtharerelated•Signsofdeficiencies•Getmoremilkoutoflesscows目的•了解优质营养物质的重要性•什么是优质营养物质•了解营养物质各成分的作用•影响家畜生产的主要因素•饲料营养与家畜健康的相关性•家畜缺乏营养物质的症状•科学饲养奶牛，提高牛奶产量BazFritz,SustainableAgriculturalDevelopmentII奶牛饲养导论IntroductiontoDairyFeedingFeedmakesup5classofnutrients1)Water2)Energy3)Protein4)Minerals5)VitaminsThesenutrientsessentialfor•Maintenance•Growth•Production•Reproduction•Immunitydiseaseresistance•饲料是由5种营养物组成1)水2)能量3)蛋白质4)矿物质5)维生素这些营养物对家畜的作用:•维持正常功能•生长发育•生产•繁殖•增强奶牛免疫和抗病能力&FIBER&纤维限制家畜生产的营养物质FirstLimitingNutrientNutrientWaterBarrelTDN可消化营养总量ZN锌VitA维生素ACP粗蛋白P磷Se硒HO水2Cu铜K钾Na钠牛奶营养成分桶NutrientMilkBarrel限制家畜生产的营养物质FirstLimitingNutrientNutrientWaterBarrelTDN可消化营养总量ZN锌VitA维生素ACP粗蛋白P磷Se硒HO水2Cu铜K钾Na钠牛奶营养成分桶NutrientMilkBarrel饲料营养成分表FEEDCOMPOSITIONTABLEOnan‘asfedbasis干物质DryMatter可消化营养总量TDN粗蛋白CP粗纤维CF钙Ca磷P%%%%%%粗料Roughages干草Hay•苜蓿开花前期Alfalfa,pre-bloom905617.9242.2.3•苜蓿开花中期Alfalfa,mid-bloom895014.2291.2.2•禾本科干草Grasshays88559.229.3.2•青绿饲料Greenfeed88548.127.3.2•混合干草(苜蓿,乔麦)MixedHay(Alfalfabrome)**885212.5271.0.1•秸秆Straw90434.037.2.1青储饲料Silage•青储玉米,(抽穗的)CornSilage,welleared35252.88.4.1.1饲料营养成分表FEEDCOMPOSITIONTABLEOnan‘asfedbasis干物质DryMatter可消化营养总量TDN粗蛋白CP粗纤维CF钙Ca磷P%%%%%%精料Concentrates谷物Grain•玉米Corn89808.91.8.03.3•燕麦Oats896810.010.5.03.3•小麦Wheat897812.72.7.04.4蛋白质添加剂ProteinSupplements•菜籽饼CanolaMeal896437.011.1.71.2•豆饼44%SoybeanMeal,44%897244.16.2.3.7•葵花饼SunflowerMeal937941.013.3.41.0限制家畜生产的营养物质FirstLimitingNutrientNutrientWaterBarrelTDN可消化营养总量ZN锌VitA维生素ACP粗蛋白P磷Se硒HO水2Cu铜K钾Na牛奶营养成分桶NutrientWaterBarrel限制家畜生产的营养物质FirstLimitingNutrientNutrientWaterBarrelTDN可消化营养总量ZN锌VitA维生素ACP粗蛋白P磷Se硒HO水2Cu铜K钾Na钠牛奶营养成分桶NutrientWaterBarrel限制家畜生产的营养物质FirstLimitingNutrientNutrientWaterBarrelTDN可消化营养总量ZN锌VitA维生素ACP粗蛋白P磷Se硒HO水2Cu铜K钾Na钠牛奶营养成分桶NutrientWaterBarrel限制家畜生产的营养物质FirstLimitingNutrientNutrientWaterBarrelTDN可消化营养总量ZN锌VitA维生素ACP粗蛋白P磷Se硒HO水2Cu铜K钾Na钠牛奶营养成分桶NutrientWaterBarrel限制家畜生产的营养物质FirstLimitingNutrientNutrientWaterBarrelTDN可消化营养总量ZN锌VitA维生素ACP粗蛋白P磷Se硒HO水分2Cu铜K钾Na钠牛奶营养成分桶NutrientWaterBarrel限制家畜生产的营养物质FirstLimitingNutrientNutrientWaterBarrelTDN可消化营养总量ZN锌VitA维生素ACP粗蛋白P磷Se硒HO水分2Cu铜K钾Na钠营养成分桶NutrientBarrel限制家畜生产的营养物质FirstLimitingNutrientNutrientWaterBarrelTDN可消化营养总量ZN锌VitA维生素ACP粗蛋白P磷Se硒HO水分2Cu铜K钾Na钠营养成分桶NutrientBarrel奶牛群体免疫力CowHerdImmunity动物Animal环境Environment生产力Productivity健康状况Health&传染源InfectiousAgent奶牛群体健康状况CowHerdHealthAnimal•nutrition•immunityandresistance•vaccinationEnvironment•shelter,crowding•sanitationandbeddingInfectiousAgents•virus,bacteria,fungus•parasites家畜•营养•免疫力和疾病抵抗力•接种疫苗环境•棚圈,拥挤现象•卫生及躺卧条件疾病感染源•病毒,细菌,真菌•寄生虫限制家畜生产的营养物质FirstLimitingNutrientFunctionofnutrients•bodyMaintenanceandrepair(immunity)•growth•reproduction•production(milk)•营养物质的作用•影响家畜维持生命及自我修复功能（免疫力）•影响家畜的生长发育•影响家畜的繁殖能力•影响家畜生产力（产奶量）限制家畜生产的营养物质FirstLimitingNutrientNutritionalComponents•Water•Protein•Energy•Minerals•Vitamins•营养成分•水分•蛋白质•能量•矿物质•维生素限制家畜生产的营养物质FirstLimitingNutrientMostIMPORTANTnutrient?•Theonethatisdeficient!Productionislimitedbythenutrientthatisthefirstdeficient!最重要的营养物质是什么?•家畜缺乏的营养成分是该家畜需求的最重要的营养物质!家畜生产力受最缺乏的营养物质限制!限制家畜生产的营养物质FirstLimitingNutrientFunctionsofnutrientsProtein:•replacebodytissue•buildnewbodytissue•reproduction•production•strongimmunesystem•underfeeding/lowproductionEnergy:•makesup70-80%ofnutrientrequirement•maybethoughtasfuelforproduction•majorsourcesaregrainsandforageswithforagekeytohowmuchgrainneeded营养物的作用蛋白质：•促进体内组织的更新•形成体内新组织•影响家畜的繁殖•影响家畜生产力•加强家畜免疫系统•缺乏蛋白质导致减产能量：•占家畜营养需求量的70-80%•为家畜补充体能，在家畜生产中起燃料的作用•谷类，谷类和草料的混合饲料是家畜能量主要来源限制家畜生产的营养物质FirstLimitingNutrientWater•cowsneedabout4L:1Lmilkorupto170L/day•poorqualitywatercanresultinlowintakeandinterferencewithmineralabsorption水分•奶牛对水的需求量与产奶量的比例为4：1(升)或一天的需求量为170升•劣质水减少家畜采食量并影响对矿物质的吸收限制家畜生产的营养物质FirstLimitingNutrientMinerals•bodycontainslargeamountsofmineralelements•atleast14areconsideredessential•dividedintomineralsneededinlargeamountsandthoseneededinverysmallamountsCalcium•neededfortissuegrowth,bonedevelopmentandreproduction•shortagecausespoorproductionandgrowth,stiffness,lameness,ricketsandweakandstillborncalves矿物质•家畜体内含有大量的矿质元素•至少有14种矿质元素是必要元素•矿质元素可分为大量元素和微量元素钙•钙是组织生长，骨骼发育和繁殖所需的元素•缺乏钙元素导致家畜减产，发育缓慢，引起僵腿病,跛腿病，软骨病，所产小畜弱小，甚至产死胎限制家畜生产的营养物质FirstLimitingNutrientPhosphorus•fornormalgrowth,reproduction,lactationanddevelopmentofbonesandteeth.•importantforrumenbacterialdevelopmentandmaintenance•shortagescausereproductivefailure,poorappetiteandgrowth,stiffnessandrickets•roughageislowandgrainmediumlevels•ratiowithcalcium/phosphorousiscritical,about1.5:1磷•是奶牛正常生长、繁殖、产奶、和骨骼牙齿发育所需的元素•对家畜瘤胃细菌的发育起重要作用•家畜缺乏磷元素导致繁育能力的丧失，食欲不振，生长缓慢，并引起僵腿病和软骨病•粗饲料含磷量较低，谷物含磷量中等•钙和磷的临界比例应为1.5：1限制家畜生产的营养物质FirstLimitingNutrientIMARFeedTestResults•found4mineralstobedeficient1)phosphorous2)copper3)zinc4)selenium内蒙古饲料化验分析结果•缺乏4种矿物质元素1)磷2)铜3)锌4)硒限制家畜生产的营养物质FirstLimitingnutrientTraceMineralsCu•operatesystemsthroughenzymefunction•shortagesignsinclude:diarrhea,depressedestrous