高中英语语法——情态动词总结(附带练习)

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1情态动词总结I情态动词的特征:1.本身有词义。2.不能独立作谓语。2.后接动词原形一起构成谓语。3.不随人称和数的变化。II情态动词各自的基本意义及用法:1.can与could用法对比点cancould1、表“能力”Canyouliftthisheavybox?Icouldn’tunderstandwhathesaidatall.2、表“许可”Youcanuseadifferentmaterialinstead.HesaidIcouldborrowhisbike.3、“怀疑”No,no,itcan’tbetrue.Whatonearthcanthismean?Wethoughtthestorycouldnotbetrue.Howcouldyoubesocareless?4、can与beableto区别1.could代替can,表示语气更为婉转。Eg.CouldIuseyourbike?Yes,Ican2.can(能够)=beableto(仅表能力时),但beableto表示一番努力后,才能做得到,且有更多的时态。2.may与might用法对比点maymight1.表“询问”MayI…?(=CanI…?)MightI…?(=CouldI…?)(但比用may更客气)2.表“允许”Youmaytaketheboythere.Hetoldmehemightcome.(might与told相呼应)3.表“可能”“或许”Shemaynorlikethisplace.I’mafraidhemightnotlikethisplay.注:1.MayI…?的答语。2.may可表示期望或祝愿Mayyousucceed!3.may(might)用于目的状语从句。肯定:Yes,youmay.否定:No,youmustn’t不行(语气强硬)No,youmaynot或No,you’dbetternot.Theemperorgavethemsomegoldinorderthattheymightbegintheirworkatonce.3.must与haveto用法对比点musthaveto1.表“必须”(主观看法)必须;没有过去式,可用于间接引语中。HetoldmeImustdoaccordingtowhathesaid.(客观需要)不得不,有多种时态。It’srainingheavily,wecan’tgonow.2.疑问句MustI…?Yes,youmust.(一定)No,youneedn’t./youdon’thaveto.Doyouhavetogotoday?Yes,wedo.2(不必)Youdon’thavetoworryaboutthat.4.need与dare用法对比点needdare1.情态v.+动词原形1)否定式2)疑问式Heneednot(needn’t)go.---Needwedoitagain?---No,youneedn’tdoitagain.Hedarenotsayso.Dareshegooutaloneatnight?HowdareyousayI’munfair?Ifhedaredothat,he’llbepunished.Idaresay.(固定用法)2.实义v.+todo1)肯定式2)否定式3)疑问式Heneedstogo.Hedoesn’t(doesnot)needtogo.Doesheneedtodoitagain?No,hedoesn’tneedotdoitagain.Hedarestosay.Hedoesnot(doesn’t)daretosay.Ifyoudaretojumpintothewaterfromhere,sodareI.3.didnotneedtodo表示过去没必要做Shedidn’tneedtoattendthemeetingyesterday,andshestayedwithherchildren.(她没有参加)5.should与oughtto用法对比点shouldoughtto1、表“应该”表劝告、建议Youshouldlistentothedoctor’sadvice.WeshouldlearnfromZhangHua.“有责任有必要”做某事Yououghttofinishyourworkbeforeyougohome.Weoughttohelpeachother.2、表“估计”Theyshouldgethomebynow.“非常可能”的事,可译为“总应该”Ifwestarttoworkrightnow,weoughttofinishitbeforelunch.注:1)should还可在虚拟语气中的使用2)注意:oughtto的疑问式及否定式---Oughthetogo?---Yes,Ithinkheoughtto.---No,heoughtn’tto.否定式:oughtn’ttodo(不说oughttonotdo)反疑问句:oughtn’t______?6.shall与will用法shallwill1.征询对方意见或请求指示,用于第一、三人称:ShallI(we)…?Shallhe(she)…?WhereshallI(we)waitforyou?1.询问对方的意思或向对方提出要求:Willyou(please)…?Won’tyou…?Wouldyouliketo...?(would替代will更客气)Won’tyougoandseethefilm?你不去看电影吗---Yes,IthinkIwill.不,我想去。2.表示说话人的“意愿”有“命令”“警告”“强制”“允诺”“决心”等,用于第二、三人称。YoushalldowhatItellyou(todo).我叫你干什么你就干什么。Everythingshallbedonetosavetheship.一定要竭尽全力来拯救这艘船。2.表示“意志”“意愿”,用于各种人称:Iwon’tdoanythingyoudon’tlike.我不会做任何你不喜欢的事。Would表示过去时间的“意志”“意愿”Shylockwouldnottakethemoneyearlier.夏洛克先前是不肯要钱的。7.usedto与would用法usedtowould31.表示过去的动作、状态,重在与现在情况的对比,不一定要有时间状语。Iusedtoplaycardsalot,butnowIseldomplay.Myhometownisnotwhatitusedtobe.1.只表示过去动作的重复,有明确的时间状语。IwouldgotoseemygrandfatheronSundaywhenhewasinthemiddleschool.2.would后只接表动作的动词,不接表认识或状态动词Heusedtobenervousintheexam.2.表示过去的习惯有时可互换:Whenwewereveryyoung,weusedto/wouldgoskatingeverywinter.3.表示过去的次数时,不能使用:(√)WewenttotheGreatWallfivetimeswhenwewereyoung.(X)Weusedtogo/wouldgototheGreatWallfivetimeswhenwewereyoung.注:usedtodo的否定式:usedn’ttodo或didn’tusetodo(usedn’t也可写作usen’t)疑问式:Didyouusetodo?Didn’tyouusetodo?Usedyoutodo?Usedn’tyoutodo?II情态动词表推测:1.大多数情态动词(除表‘能力、许可、意志’外),都可以表示推测,其程度有差异。按可能性程度的高低排列为:must﹥will﹥would﹥oughtto﹥should完全肯定完全可能很可能﹥can﹥could﹥may﹥might可能有可能2.区分情态动词的否定含义:maynot或许不、可能不mightnot可能不can’t不可能mustn’t不许、禁止shouldn’t不应该needn’t不必3.情态动词表推测具体运用:情态动词可以对现在、进行、过去推测。S主+情态动词+be+adj对“性质”“特征”的推测S主+情态动词+be+n对“职业”“事物”的推测S主+情态动词+动词原形对经常性行为的推测S主+情态动词+be+V-ing对进行着的行为的推测S主+情态动词+have+PP对过去的行为的推测情态动词表推测时:1、can只能用于否定句和疑问句2、must只能用于肯定句(它的否定句和疑问句其实就用can来代替了)3、如句中有情态动词+完成时,定是对过去的推测。4、句中如有表示不肯定的话语E.gIamnotsure;Idon’tknow之类,常选may/might的各种形式。4.表示反劝的特殊的表推测形式1).could+have+P.P.表示本来能做到,但事实上没有做到。Hecouldhavefinishedthetaskontime,buttheheavysnowcame.2).couldn’t+have+P.P.表示本来不能做到,但已经做到了。Shecouldnothavecoveredthewholedistance,butinfactshearrivedaheadoftime.3)needn’t+have+P.P.表示本不必做的,但已经做到了。Sheneedn’thaveattendedthemeetingyesterday,butshedid.4.)should/oughtto+have+P.P.表示该做而没有做Theplantisdead.Ishould/oughttohavegivenotmorewater.45)shouldn’t/oughtn’tto+have+P.P.表示不该做而做了。Yououghtn’tto/shouldn’thavetakenherbikewithoutpermission.5.注意:must只能用于肯定句(它的否定句和疑问句其实就用can来代替了)1.must+have+P.P.表示对过去肯定的推测,“一定是,准是”Theroadiswet.Itmusthaverainedyesterday.2.can+have+P.P.表示对过去的推测(限于问句中)Canshehavesaidso?他可能这样说吗?3.can’t+have+P.P.表示对过去的否定推测Hecannothavesaidsuchafoolishthing.III情态动词表推测的反意疑问句1.情态动词表推测的反意疑问句,简单来说,就是以情态动词后的时态为淮,如句子里有明确的时间状语,则以其为准。2.以must为例:E.g.1.Youmustbehungrynow,aren’tyou?2.HemustbewatchingTV,isn’the?3Tommusthavelivedherforalongtime,hasn’the?4.Shemusthavearrivedyesterday,didn’tshe?注:如选择题中(以Shemusthavearrivedyesterday,didn’tshe?为例)既有didn’tshe又有hasn’tshe则以didn’tshe?为最佳答案。IV情态动词专项练习与解析一()1.You_____returnthebooknow.Youcankeepittillnextweekifyoulike.A.can’tB.mustn’tC.needn’tD.maynot()2.Whereismypen?I_____it.A.mightloseB.wouldhavelostC.shouldhavelostD.musthavelost()3.IwishI_____youyesterday.A.seenB.didseeC.hadseenD.weretosee()4.Ididn’thearthephone.I_____asleep.A.mustbeB.musthave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