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从属结构（一）名词性从句限定分句形容词性从句副词性从句动词不定式非限定分句-ing分词从属结构-ed分词无动词分句并列结构or从属结构？•并列句，两个分句具有同等的重要性，使用并列连词连接起来，and,but,yet,while,or,notonly…butalso,neither…nor,either…or，both…and,whereas,only.•从属句，两个分句的内容对于说话人来说有主有次，使用从属连词将主句和从句连接，把次要的思想内容置于限定从属分句，或非限定分句和无动词分居中。•Beforeshecouldanswerthetelephone,itstoppedringing.•John,whocomesfromalarge,lower-classfamily,enrolledincollegethisfall.•Expectingtrouble,theguardswerefullyarmed.•Tofastenthedevelopment,thegovernmenttakessomemeasures.•Curiousabouttheirnewneighbors,theJohnsonswentandvisitedthematthefirstopportunity.时间状语从句不定式，非限定分句定语从句-ing分词，非限定分句无动词分句从属连词：从属分句的连接手段•简单从属连词（one-wordsubordinator）•复杂从属连词（以that/as结尾）•关联从属连词•边际从属连词注：区分关系词P381关系代词：who(ever),whom,whose,what(ever),which(ever).关系副词:where,when,how,why关系限定词在复合句中，主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句在用法上相当于名词，故统称为名词性从句。•1.Whenwewillstartisnotclear.•2.MrsBlackwon’tbelievethathersonhasbecomeathief.•3.Myideaisthatweshoulddoitrightnow.•4.Ihadnoideathatyouwereherfriend.主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句,通常放在主句谓语动词或介词之后。宾语从句：1Ithink(that)he’llbeallrightinafewdays.2Doyouknowwhotheyarewaitingfor?3Payattentiontowhattheteachersaid.4Wecametowherehelived.1.我怀疑他是否会说英语。2.我毫不怀疑，他会说英语。Idon’tdoubtthathecanspeak.Idoubtwhether/ifhecanspeakEnglish.注意2：doubt的肯定形式后接whether/if从句，否定和疑问形式后接that从句。1.我肯定他能做好。I’msurethathecandoitwell.2.我不能肯定消息是否属实。I’mnotsurewhether/ifthenewsistrue.3.你确定他是一位教师吗？Areyousurethatheisateacher?注意3：besure的肯定和疑问形式后面接that从句，否定形式后面接whether/if从句。我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。Idon’tthinkthisdressfitsyouwell.注意4：否定的转移若主语谓语动词think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,guess,imagine等,其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义,一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用肯定式。表语从句：Thisiswhywecan’tgetthesupportofthepeople.Thequestioniswhetherwecanmakegoodpreparationinsuchashorttime.1.这就是我们得不到人民支持的原因。2.问题是我们能否在如此短的时间内作好准备.表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句,放在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语+系动词+表语从句”表语从句用表语从句完成下列句子：1.Thetroubleis（我丢失了他的地址）.thatIhavelosthisaddress.2.Goandgetyourcoat.It’s（在你放的那个地方).whereyouleftit.3.WhatIwanttoknowis(我该买哪部词典）.whichdictionaryIshouldbuy.4.Itlooks(他好象陷入了困境).asifhehasgotintotrouble.用if和whether填空1.Pleasetellme_______youwillgotothelecturestomorrow.2.Italldependson_______theskyisgoingtoclearup.3._______he’llbewelltomorrowI’mnotsure.if/whetherwhetherWhether小结：1.引导宾语从句位于及物动词后whether和if可互换；2.引导宾语从句位于介词后只能用whether,与ornot连用时常用whether3.引导宾语从句位于句首时用whether4.*引导表语、主语或同位语从句只用whether5.和不定式连用时只用whether.practice1)_____wecan’tgetseemsbetterthan______wehave.A.What,whatB.What,thatC.That,whatD.That,thatA2).Youcan’timagine____whentheyreceivedtheseniceChristmaspresents.A.howexcitedtheywereB.howtheywereexcitedC.howweretheyexcitedD.theywerehowexcitedA3).Theymake____arulewhoeverbreaksthelawwillbepunished.A.itB.thatC.whatD.thisA4).__youhaveseenbothfighters,___willwin?A.Since,doyouthinkwhoB.As,whodoyouthinkC.When,whoeverD.Since,whodoyouthinkD5).Marywroteanarticleon___theteamhadfailedtowinthegame.A.whyB.whatC.whoD.thatA6).Canyoumakesure___thegoldring?A.whereAlicehadputB.wherehadAliceputC.whereAlicehasputD.wherehasAliceputC主语从句是指在句子中作主语的句子：Thattheearthturnsaroundthesunisknowntous.地球绕着太阳转，这是众所周知的。Whatweneedismorepractice.我们所需要的是再多一些训练。Whyhefailedthephysicsexamwasnotclear.不清楚他为什么没有通过物理考试。用that和what填空1.Ithink_____itisunnecessaryformetospeaklouder.2.Hismotherissatisfiedwith_____hehasdone.3.Thereasonwas______Todhadneverseenthemillionpoundbank-note.thatwhatthatwhat与that在引导名词性从句时的区别:what引导名词性从句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语,宾语,表语,而that则不然,它在句子中只起连接作用。例如：(1)Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.(2)Thatsheisstillaliveisaconsolation.•1.Itworriedherabit______herhairwasturninggray.•AwhileBthat•CifDforBIt是形式主语，that引导的从句才是真正的主语。•2._______wewillplayfootballtomorrowdependsontheweather.•AIfBWhether•CThatDWhereBWhether引导主语从句，在主语从句中不用if.•3._______hesaidatthemeetingastonishedeverybodypresent.•AWhatBThat•CThefactDThematterAWhathesaidatthemeeting是主语从句。•4._____shecouldnotunderstandwas______fewerandfewerstudentsshowedinterestinherlessons.•AWhat,why•BThat,what•CWhat,because•DWhy,thatA第一个空为what引导的主语从句，what在从句中做understand的宾语。第二个空为why引导的表语从句•5._______causedtheaccidentisstillacompletemystery.•AWhatBThat•CHowDWhereA主语从句中缺少主语，用what同位语从句：同位语从句一般由that,whether,when等连词引导，常放在fact,news,idea,truth,hope,problem,information,suggestion,proposaldemand等名词后面，说明该名词的具体内容。Youcan’tgetaroundthefactthatit’sagainstthelaw.你不能回避这是违法的这一事实。Hemadeapromisethathewilllendussomemoney.他承诺他将借给我们一些钱。1.我不知道你在这儿。2.他还没有作出决定是否去那里。3.你听说过这所学校将建在农村的消息吗？Ihavenoideathatyouarehere.Hehasn’tmadethedecisionwhetherhewillgothere.Haveyouheardthenewsthatthenewschoolwillbebuiltinthecountryside?1.Theotherday,mybrotherdrovehiscardownthestreetat_____Ithoughtwasadangerousspeed.A.asB.whichC.whatD.that2.Alongwiththeletterwashispromise______hewouldvisitmethiscomingChristmas.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.whetherCB解析：at后接宾语从句。当宾语从句中缺少主语，宾语或表语时，要用what引导，此句中what作宾语从句的主语。解析：这是一个同位语从句。解释promise的具体内容，要用that引导。3.Itisprettywellunderstood_____controlstheflowofcarbondioxideinandoutoftheatmospheretoday.A.thatB.whenC.whatD.how4.Thereisanewprobleminvolvedinthepopularityofprivatecars_____roadconditionsneed_____.A.that;tobeimprovedB.which;tobeimprovedC.what;improvingD.when;improving解析：what引导主语从句，w