搜索
ModernLinguistics作者：睿智婉心TableofContentChapter1IntroductionChapter6PragmaticsChapter2PhonologyChapter7HistoricalLinguisticsChapter3MorphologyChapter8SociolinguisticsChapter4syntaxChapter9PsycholinguisticsChapter5SemanticsChapter10LanguageAcquisitionChapter1Chapter1——1Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.Chapter1——1ThescopeoflinguisticsThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics.普通语言学Thestudyofsounds,whichareusedinlinguisticcommunication,iscalledphonetics.语音学Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.音系学Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsarecalledmorphology.形态学Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax.句法学Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.语义学Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.语用学Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsocio-linguistics.社会语言学Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofmindiscalledpsycho-linguistics.语言心理学Thestudyofapplications(astherecoveryofspeechability)isgenerallyknownasappliedlinguistics.（应用语言学）Butinanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguage.Otherrelatedbranchesincludeanthropologicallinguistics,（人类语言学）neurologicallinguistics,（神经语言学）mathematicallinguistics,（数字语言学）andcomputationallinguistics.（计算机语言学）Chapter1——1SomeimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsPrescriptiveanddescriptiveIfalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive,ifitaimstolaydownrulestotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammar.Traditionalgrammarisprescriptivewhilemodernlinguisticsisdescriptive.Thetaskoflinguistsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,whetheritis“correct”ornot.Chapter1——1SomeimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsSynchronicanddiachronicThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyismoreimportant.SpeechandwritingSpeechandwritingarethetwomajormediaofcommunication.Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,butnotthewrittenform.Reasonsare:1.Speechprecedeswriting;2.Therearestillmanylanguagesthathaveonlythespokenform;3.Intermsoffunction,thespokenlanguageisusedforawiderrangeofpurposesthanthewritten,andcarriesalargerloadofcommunicationthanthewritten.Chapter1——1SomeimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsLangueandparoleTheSwisslinguistF.deSaussuremadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleearly20thcentury.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Saussuremadethedistinctioninordertosingleoutoneaspectoflanguageforseriousstudy.Hebelieveswhatlinguistsshoulddoistoabstractlanguefromparole,todiscovertheregularitiesgoverningtheactualuseoflanguageandmakethemthesubjectsofstudyoflinguistics.Chapter1——1SomeimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsCompetenceandperformanceProposedbyAmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’s.Hedefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Hebelievesthetaskofthelinguistsistodiscoverandspecifythelanguagerules.Chapter1——2Whatislanguage?Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Sapiruses“ideas”“emotions”and“desires”inhisdefinition.Hall,likeSapir,treatslanguageasapurelyhumaninstitution.Chomsky’sdefinitionisquitedifferent,itfocusonthepurelystructuralpropertiesoflanguagesandtosuggestthatthesepropertiescanbeinvestigatedfromamathematicallyprecisepointofview.Chapter1——2DesignfeaturesDesignfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.AmericanlinguistCharlesHockettspecifiedtwelvedesignfeatures,fiveofwhichwillbediscussedhere.ArbitrarinessArbitrarinessmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Itisnotentirelyarbitrary.Eg:differentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages.ProductivityLanguageisproductiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Thisiswhytheycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingsentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.DualityThedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeaning.DisplacementDisplacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.CulturaltransmissionWhilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,i.e.,wewerebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,thedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearnedanew.Thisindicatesthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted.Itispasseddownfromonegenerationtothenextthroug