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Lesson1Apumaatlarge一、单词讲解Newwordsandexpressionspuma['pju:mə]n.美洲狮spot[spɔt]v．看出．发现evidence['evidəns]n．证据accumulate[ə'kju:mjuleit]v.积累，积聚oblige[ə'blaidʒ]v．使…感到必须hunt[hʌnt]n.追猎，寻找blackberry['blækberi]n．黑莓humanbeing['hju:mən]['bi:iŋ]人类corner['kɔ:nə]v．使走投无路使陷入困境trail[treil]n．一串，一系列print[print]n．印痕cling[kliŋ]v.粘convince[kən'vins]v．使…信服somehow['sʌmhau]adv.不知怎么搞地不知什么原因disturb[dis'tə:b]v．令人不安puma['pju:mə];[pumə]美洲狮alargecat-likeanimallion狮子tiger老虎leopard豹jaguar['dʒægjuə]美洲虎cougar美洲豹cheetah['tʃi:tə];['ʃi:tə]猎豹lynx大山猫panther['pænθə]黑豹ablackleopardcat-like像猫一样的mother-likechildlike(lovely)(褒)childish(immature)形容成年人不成熟(贬)atlarge逍遥自在Eg:Thedesperatecriminalisstillatlarge.escape逃跑(从危险中成功逃脱)fleeaway跑开(runawayfromdanger)scatteraway四处逃窜(indifferentdirections)evadetax逃税(逃避应该承担的责任)desert一般指军人离开自己的部队；开小差，逃跑了desertone'sarmyoutclass逃课spotn./v.n.点，斑点abeautyspot美人痣solarspot太阳黑子spotlight聚光灯beinthespotlight万众瞩目Eg:TomCruseisinthespotlightinAmericanfilmindustry.(toachievealotofattention)onthespot(非正式用法)1.立刻，马上(atonce,immediately)2.在现场attheplaceoftheactionEg:Anyonebreakingtheruleswillbeaskedtoleaveonthespot.任何人违反了规则将要求离开现场Eg:Aleopardwillnotchangeitsspot.江山易改，本性难移v.(toseeorfindsthwithdifficulty)不易察觉observe(toseeandnoticesth)(正式)观察，观测discover(tofindsthalreadyinexistence)recognize(tofigureoutsth/sbknownalready)detect(todisclosesomethinghiddenorindisguise)探测explore(toexaminesththoroughlyinordertotestorfindoutaboutit)InternetExplorer彻底的和仔仔细细的搜索和勘察evidencen.证据=proof(adj.evidentadv.evidently)Eg:Whenthepolicearrived,hehadalreadydestroiedtheevidence.inevidence显而易见的Eg:Hewasinevidenceattheparty.他在晚会上很突出。witness证人judge法官jury陪审团courtoflaw法庭self-evidenta.不言自明的《TheDeclarationofIndependence》独立宣言“Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienablerights,thatamongthesearelife,libertyandthepursuitofhappiness.”我们认为下面的真理是不言自明的：所有的人都是生而平等；他们天生就被上帝赋予了不可剥夺的权力；人又生存的权力，获取自由的权力，追求幸福的权力。obligev.使...感到必须(bemadetodosthbylawormorality)feelobligedtodosth.感觉有必要做某事beobligedtodosth.被迫做某事Eg：Menfeelobligedtotaketheresponsibilityforfamily.男人觉得有义务对家庭负责compel(tomakepeoplehaveaparticularfeelingorattitude)强迫，迫使；强使发生9-year'scompulsoryeducation九年义务教育drive(tomakesomeonefeelordosthbadorunpleasant)drivesb.nuts使某人发疯Eg:Theterriblemusicdrovemenuts.huntv.打猎，狩猎huntfor/gohuntingfor搜寻，寻找（huntforajob;huntforalove）jobhunter四处寻找工作的人headhunter猎头bargainhunter四处买便宜货的人humanbeing(s)人类(区别于神和动物)mankind人类Eg:inthelonghistoryofthemankindhumanrace(allpeople,consideredtogetherasasinglegroup)人类种族群体men:itsoundslikealittlesexism听起来有点性别歧视be存在《Hamlet》...whenhehesitatedtokillhisuncle...tobeornottobe生存还是毁灭beingn.1)-creature生物godbeinganimalbeing2)-existence存在comingintobeing形成，成立Eg:ThePeople'sRepublicofChinacameintobeingin1949.forthetimebeing眼下，目前Eg：Forthetimebeing,thecheetahsarehardup.眼下猎豹的手头有点紧(Lionking)hardup手头紧cornern./v.n.at/onthecorner在角落里(如介词用in表示在空间的内部)Eg:TheNegroisstilllanguishinginthecornersofAmericansocietyandfindshimselfanexileinhisownland.美国的黑人在美国社会的各个层次和各个方面都饱受着痛苦，发觉自己是自己家乡土地上的流亡者aroundthecorner即将到来，即将发生(sthiscoming)Eg:TheNewYearisaroundthecorner.cutcorners走捷径，抄近路v.被逼到墙角里Eg:Acorneredbeastwilldosomethingdesperate.困兽犹斗，狗急跳墙trailn.痕迹atrailof一串，一系列atrailofmud泥迹atrailofblood血迹Eg:Whereverhewent,theplayboyleftbehindhimatrailofbrokenhearts.printn.印痕，痕迹footprint足迹pawprint爪痕fingerprint指纹accumulatev.积累，积聚(强调积累的过程)gathervt.聚集，把某人召集在某处collect收集，采集assemble集合，集会；vt.装配hoardvt.大量的贮存hoardup=storeupEg:Thesquirrelhoardsupnutsforthecoldwinter.amass积聚=cometogether(主要用于诗歌和文学作品中)二、课文讲解Pumasarelarge，cat-likeanimalswhicharefoundinAmerica.本句中的befound(therebe)应理解为产于、分布的意思，不应理解为被动语态。Eg:Pandasarelarge,bear-likeanimalswhicharefoundinChina.WhenreportscameintoLondonZoothatawildpumahadbeenspottedforty-fivemilessouthofLondon,theywerenottakenseriously.本句中that后的内容作为reports的同位语从句，只是因为维持句子的平衡美感(避免头重脚轻)才放到了后面。同位语从句简单记忆：同位语从句与中心词是等同和等值的关系，而不是修饰与被修饰的关系。这一点与定语从句截然不同，定语从句与其先行词是修饰与被修饰的关系。定语从句的引导词that/which在句中作成分(主语或宾语)，而同位语从句的引导词that为连接词，只起连接主句与从句之作用，不做任何成分。Eg:IwasshockedwhenIheardthenewsthathisfatherdiedyesterday.(Thenewsisthathisfatherdiedyesterday.)能连接同位语从句的名词：belief;fact;idea;doubt;rumor(谣言);evidence;conclusion;informationsuggestion;problem;order;discover;opinionWhenreportscameintoLondonZoothatawildpumahadbeenspottedforty-fivemilessouthofLondon,theywerenottakenseriously.句中的they指代reports，人称或指示代词的替代含义要回到句子的切近部分寻找它的中心含义。takesthseriously认真对待takesthslightly不把...放在心上Eg:Everyoneoughttotakelifeseriously.Eg:Educationissoimportantthatweshouldtakeitseriously.Eg:WhennewscameintotheNationalMuseumthatanancienttombhasbeenspotted100kilometerssouthofXi'an,itwastakenseriously.However,astheevidencebegantoaccumulate,expertsfromtheZoofeltobligedtoinvestigate,forthedescriptionsgivenbypeoplewhoclaimedtohaveseenthepumawereextraordinarilysimilar.句中的However是语篇标识词语篇标识词：(即显示语篇发展的词语)引出作者真正意图，表明事实真相，往往前后形成鲜明，相反的对比。...,forthedescriptionsgivenbypeoplewhoclaimedtohaveseenthepuma...for说明原因英语一般说来，总是把最需要表达的东西放在一个句子的最前边，汉语总是先因→后果；而for并不引导一个强因果关系，因此是处于从属地位而不置于句首。As不强调原因的重要性Since既然，弱因果关系Because强的直接的原因claimedtohavedon