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第七章语篇结构差异的对比分析Requestletter1Dearxxx,Howareyou?IhopeyouhadafabulousChineseNewYearholiday.Icannotbelieveithasalmostbeen4.5yearssinceIgraduatedfromPolyU(languageforBusiness2001-2004)andalthoughIhavealwayswantedtostudymoreinthepastfewyears,workinglifeseemstohaveoccupiedmostofmytime.LasttimeIhappenedtobelookingattheuniversitywebsiteandnoticedthatmanyofthestaffwhotaughtmebeforehaveleftthedepartmentalready,sonexttimeIdropbyIsupposeIwillseeanumberofnewfaces.Astheeconomysituationisgoingdownhillatthemoment,IthoughtImustdosomethingtoimprovemypersonalskillsandgetmorequalifications,thereforeIamplanningtotakeactioninmystudyplanandapplyforamastercourseatCU.Doyouthinkwoulditbepossibleforyoutokindlyhelpmewriteoneofmyreferences?Iknowthiscouldbetakingupsomeofyourtimewhileyouarebusywiththesemester.Ifitisnotsoconvenient,pleaseletmeknow.:DThankyouverymuchinadvance.Ilookforwardtohearingfromyousoonandallthebestin2009.Goodhealthtoo!Bestregards,xxxRequestletter2Dearxxx,Ihopeyouarekeepingwell.XxxandIareco-editingaHandbookofxxxforxxx(applytitledThexxxHandbookofxxx!).Wearehopingthatyouwillbeinterestedincontributingachapteron:Whatcanxxxtellusaboutlanguageteaching?Xxxisofferingxxxasafeeforthis.WeareintheprocessoffinalisingdeadlinesbuswecansaythatthefirstdraftofthechapterwouldbeduearoundAugust/September2009.Thechapterlengthis7,000wordsinclusive.Ifyouagreetoaccepttheinvitationtocontribute,wewillsendyoumoredetailsandguidelines.Xxxwillalsosendyouacontract.Wewouldbegratefulthereforeifyoucouldprovidinguswiththemailingaddressyouwishtouseforcorrespondence.Welookforwardtohearingfromyou.Pleasefeelfreetogetbacktouswithanyquestionsthatyoumayhave.Allbests,Xxxandxxx一、汉语和英语的语篇结构差异思维方式存在差异，导致其语篇组织结构也会因文化而异。对于学习外语的人来讲，尽管掌握了目的语的语法规则，但因缺乏对目的语语篇组织规律的认识或敏感性，常常会无意识地把本族语的语篇组织规则迁移到目的语中去，因而造成语篇结构的的差异，导致交际失误。思维模式(RobertB.Kaplan)：汉语和朝语英语拉丁语俄语闪米特语•中国：受“天人合一”及“关系”取向的影响，思维方式以直觉，具体和圆型为特征。•汉语的语篇结构主流倾向呈现为一种逐步达到高潮的方式，层层递进，起承转合，渐入佳境，画龙点睛。•汉语语篇表达中，表示因果、条件、转折、让步等关系的句式比较常用，成为汉语语篇结构的形式特征之一。如：因为A……，B……，C……，所以D……。如果A……，B……，C……，那么D……。虽然A……，B……，C……，但是D……。尽管A……，B……，C……，然而D……。（一）汉语语篇结构的思路——归纳式（Inductive）•西方（英语国家）：思维方式在语篇结构上的投射表现为分析、抽象、显性的特征。开门见山、直入主题。•谈话、写文章习惯于把话题放在最前面，引起听话人或读者的重视。•“果”在“因”之前。（二）英语语语篇结构的思路——演绎式（Deductive）Requestletter1Dearxxx,Howareyou?IhopeyouhadafabulousChineseNewYearholiday.Icannotbelieveithasalmostbeen4.5yearssinceIgraduatedfromPolyU(languageforBusiness2001-2004)andalthoughIhavealwayswantedtostudymoreinthepastfewyears,workinglifeseemstohaveoccupiedmostofmytime.LasttimeIhappenedtobelookingattheuniversitywebsiteandnoticedthatmanyofthestaffwhotaughtmebeforehaveleftthedepartmentalready,sonexttimeIdropbyIsupposeIwillseeanumberofnewfaces.Astheeconomysituationisgoingdownhillatthemoment,IthoughtImustdosomethingtoimprovemypersonalskillsandgetmorequalifications,thereforeIamplanningtotakeactioninmystudyplanandapplyforamastercourseatCU.Doyouthinkwoulditbepossibleforyoutokindlyhelpmewriteoneofmyreferences?Iknowthiscouldbetakingupsomeofyourtimewhileyouarebusywiththesemester.Ifitisnotsoconvenient,pleaseletmeknow.:DThankyouverymuchinadvance.Ilookforwardtohearingfromyousoonandallthebestin2009.Goodhealthtoo!Bestregards,xxxRequestletter2Dearxxx,Ihopeyouarekeepingwell.XxxandIareco-editingaHandbookofxxxforxxx(applytitledThexxxHandbookofxxx!).Wearehopingthatyouwillbeinterestedincontributingachapteron:Whatcanxxxtellusaboutlanguageteaching?Xxxisofferingxxxasafeeforthis.WeareintheprocessoffinalisingdeadlinesbuswecansaythatthefirstdraftofthechapterwouldbeduearoundAugust/September2009.Thechapterlengthis7,000wordsinclusive.Ifyouagreetoaccepttheinvitationtocontribute,wewillsendyoumoredetailsandguidelines.Xxxwillalsosendyouacontract.Wewouldbegratefulthereforeifyoucouldprovidinguswiththemailingaddressyouwishtouseforcorrespondence.Welookforwardtohearingfromyou.Pleasefeelfreetogetbacktouswithanyquestionsthatyoumayhave.Allbests,Xxxandxxx东西方篇章结构之差异（P398）西方文化东方文化直线式圆式（迂回式）逆潮式逐步达到高潮式“路标”式连接手段时空顺序，自然铺排式重过程，重原因重结果，重内容解决问题式现象罗列式实例一：一次商业谈判的录音片段Irving:Oscar,anythingelsetoadd?Yourlineofbusinessis,again,quitedifferentfromwhatPKandTonyhave.And,inyourlineofbusiness,Ipresumemarketinformationwillbequiteimportant.Oscar:Yes.Whathavebeenmentionedpreviouslybythethreegentlemen,Ithinktheyarequitesufficienttocoverallthebasicrequirementofasalesman,needsomethingdifferent.BecausethevolumeofmakingsalesintextilesisaboutatleasttoovertenthousandU.S.dollars,sometimes.Sothatistheproblem!Thatiswheneveranybodywhomakesadecisiontobuysuch…Willingtopaysuchamount,we’llmakesuretheirfinancialaidisstrong!And,then?Such…sometimesthemarketmaysuddenlydropintextile.Maybewe’rewillingtobuyonemonthago,butmaynotbebuying…wanttobuynow!Thingslikethat!So,forasalesman,alsohavetounderstandaboutthefinancialsituationandthingslikethat.天气如何影响文化的一段谈话录音Climateaffectsthecultureofacountry.Menmustlearntolivewithinthelimitationsoftheirenvironment,andclimateisanimportantpartofthephysicalenvironment.Lifeinatropicalcountryislessstrenuousandmorecasualthanitisinatemperateone.Menworkshorterhoursandlessvigorouslyinahotclimate.Theycannotplayhardeither.Theytireeasily.