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Newwordsandexpression生词和短语pioneern.先驱vi.vt.开拓,为…开路,作先驱者youngpioneer少先队员thepioneeroftheWomen’sLiberationMovement妇女解放运动的先驱apioneerofoperation手术的开创者-eer:volunteer志愿者;engineer工程师;mountaineer登山者;auctioneer拍卖人；竞争者profiteer暴利获得者，奸商;lordn.对（英国）贵族的尊称；勋爵lordshipn.贵族权力,贵族身份lordlyadj.adv.高傲的,贵族般地,有气派地mylord阁下（对某些贵族、法官及主教的尊称）theLord上帝theHouseofLords上议院；theHouseofCommons下议院livelikealord过着贵族般的生活;lordofcreation万物之灵；人类;treatsb.likealord阔绰地款待某人Duken.公爵(Duchess)Marquisn.(英国等的)侯爵(Marchioness)Count伯爵（Countess)(Earln.英伯爵)Viscountn.(英国的)子爵Baronn.男爵(英国世袭的最低级的贵族爵位),大财主（女性为：Baroness）Calaisn.加来（法国港市）overlandadj.陆上的;横跨陆地的；anoverlandroute陆上路线totraveloverland（作）陆上旅行overnightn.头天晚上adj.通宵的,晚上的,前夜的adv.在前一夜,整夜,昨晚一晚上anovernighttrip一整夜的旅行anovernightguest过夜的客人overpopulatedadj.人口过密的,人口过剩的overseasadv.海外adj.外国的,海外的overseastudent海外留学生overseaChinese华侨over+动词（over表示超过）overeatvt.使吃过量vi.吃得过多oversleepvt.(使)睡过头vi.睡过头,睡得太久overworkn.过度工作v.(使)工作过度overchargev.讨价过高,使过量装填,过度充电n.超载,过重的负担,过度充电overestimatevt.评价过高n.估计的过高pilotn.飞行员,领航员,引水员enginen.发动机,机车,火车头Calais加来（法国北部港市）latestadj.最后的,最迟的,最新的,最近的n.最新消息,最新式样lastvi.持续,支持,维持Dovern.多佛（英国东南部的港口）Text课文In1908LordNorthcliffeofferedaprizeof£1,000tothefirstmanwhowouldflyacrosstheEnglishChannel.(1)offersth.tosb.=offersb.sth.offeraprizeof…forsth因为…提供奖励Eg.Thepoliceofferedarewardforanyinformation.offerone’shandtosb.(=shakehandswithsb.)offeridentitycard出示身份证offeraprice($300)forsth.(thehorse)出价awardaprize提供奖励TheschoolawardedMerryaprizeforhergoodwork.学校因为她工作好而奖励了梅丽.(2)flyacross飞越sailacross横渡swimacross游过comeacross通过遇上碰到eg.Icameacrossagroupofchildrenplaying.我碰到一群正在玩耍的小孩。We’dliketoidentify(认同）andcelebratewomen'ssuccesswheneverwecomeacrossit.每当女性取得成功，我们都会表示认同并予以颂扬。Whensober(adj.头脑清醒的，没喝醉的)hecancomeacross(给人…印象)asanextremelypleasantandcharmingyoungman...没喝醉的时候，他看上去似乎是个极为彬彬有礼、讨人喜欢的小伙子。Overayearpassedbeforethefirstattemptwasmade.(1)“before”作为连词的用法：其基本含义是“在…之前”，也可以根据语境的不同灵活翻译成“才”、“还没来得及就…”、“就”等等含义。1）与情态动词can/could连用，这时从句虽为肯定形式，根据汉语习惯译成“还没来得及就”，强调从句动作发生之前主句的动作已经发生。BeforeIcouldgetinaword,hehadmeasuredme.Beforeshecoldmove,sheheardaloudnoise,whichgrewtoaterribleroar.2)用于肯定句中强调主句所表达的时间、距离长，或花费的精力多，译成“才”；Wehadsailedfourdaysandfournightsbeforewesawlands.Wewaitedalongtimebeforethetrainarrived.3)用于否定句中，强调主句所表达的时间、距离短，或花费的精力少，译成“不到…就”；Wehadn’trunamilebeforehefelttired.4)主句含有hardly、scarcely等半否定词时，可以译成“刚…就”，这时主句过去完成时，从句过去时，且可以用when替代before;Wehadhardly/scarcelyreachedtheschoolbefore/whenthebellrang.5)有时before还有“宁愿”的意思；I’dshootmyselfbeforeIapologizedtohim.6)用于Itbe/takesometimebefore+句子，这时要根据主句的时态分两种情况：(1)若主句为一般将来时，从句是一般现在时。主句是肯定句译成“要过很多时间才…”；主句是否定句译成“用不了多久就…”。Itwillbemanyyearsbeforethesituationimproves;Itwon’tbelongbeforewemeetagain.(2)若主句是一般过去时，从句也是一般过去时。主句是肯定句译成“很长时间之后才…”；主句是否定句译成“没过多久就…”。ItwassometimebeforeIrealizedthetruth.Itwasn’tlongbeforeshebecameabravesoldier.Afterthatitstilltooksevenyearsbeforetheygotmarried.注：主句的谓语动词为延续性动词时，before与until可以互换。Itwasanhourbefore/untilthepolicearrived.7）和其他相似句型的区别：(1)it+be+时间段+since从句Itistwoyearssincewearrivedhere.(2)it+be+时间段+when从句：表示“某个动作发生时，是某个时间”（主句谓语动词可以是一般过去时，也可以是一般将来时）ItwasDec.18thwhenIwasborn.8)beforelong和longbefore的区别：beforelong:“不久，很快”（before为prep,long为n.)在句中常作状语，多与动词的过去时或将来时连用。Theworkwillbefinishedbeforelong.longbefore:“很久以前”（long为adv.)可以单独使用，这时before为prep.;也可以接从句，这时为conj.,常与过去时或过去完成时连用，后接从句时也可用于一般现在时。Shesaidthatshehadheardofitlongbefore.Itwillbelongbeforehearrives.“还要很久他才能到。”(2)attempt的用法：attemptvt.企图，试图；努力，尝试；attemptsth.Ididattemptthelastquestionintheexam.Hehasattemptedadifficulttask.attempttodosth.Heattemptedtolie.Heattemptedtoleavebutwasstopped.attemptdoingsth.(不如todo常见）Heattemptedswimmingacrosstheriver.attemptedadj.（犯罪）未遂的attemptedmurder/rape(强奸）/robberyattempt.n.企图；尝试makean/noattempttodoHemakenoattempttocarryitout.Ifailedinmyattempttofinishitintime.attemptatsth.Hemakeanattemptatwinningthefirstprize.MyfirstattemptatEnglishcompositionwaspoor.attempton/uponsb’slife企图刺杀HemadeanattemptonthelifeofthePresident.OnJuly19th,1909,intheearlymorning,HubertLathamtookofffromtheFrenchcoastinhisplanethe'AntoinetteIV'.1.atdawn;atdaybreak;atmidnight;atthecrackofdawn2.takeoffEg.Ladiesandgentlemen,ourplaneistotakeoffsoon.takeyearsoffsb.看上去年轻Herslimmingcourse(减肥课)seemstotakeyearsoffher.putyearsonsb.看上去年老Herbrokenmarriageputyearsonher.(3)…off离开动身drawoff撤离（withdraw）liftoff(火箭、飞船等)起飞，发射，升空setoff出发Nicholssetoffforhisremotefarmhouse.…动身去他的偏远的农舍。kickoff(在足球比赛中)开球Liverpoolkickedoffanhourago.flyoff飞出，飞跑，突然跑掉Thearrowflewoffandhitthebull'seye.箭离弦飞去,射中了那靶心。(4)takeoff(产品活动事业)腾飞In1944,hemetEdithPiaf,andhiscareertookoff.1944年，他结识了伊迪思·比阿夫，从此他的事业开始腾飞。(5)coast海岸Pacificcoast太平洋海岸seashore,seaside海滨beach海滩沙滩marinenaturereserve海洋自然保护区HehadtravelledonlysevenmilesacrosstheChannelwhenhisenginefailedandhewasforcedtolandonthesea.(1)when:这里可以换成before,译成“就”，且这里有“突然、忽然”之意。Eg.Weweresittinginthegardenwhenitbegantorain.IhadbeenworkingacoupleofyearstherewhenIhadaletterfromhim.Iwasabouttoleavetheroomwhenthetelephonerang.(2)fail:失败,坏了,失灵(broken,stopworking)Eg.WordsfailedmewhenImetmylonglostsister.failtosee不明白Ifailtoseewhyyoufinditsoamusing.Butwhatth