论文写作与发表2(unit-3-4)

EnglishPaperWriting&PublicationAbstractTopicalHighlightsI.GeneralfunctionsofAbstractII.LengthofabstractIII.CategoriesofAbstractsIV.TheCompleteContentofanAbstractV.FormalizedStructureVI.“5steps”forAbstractWritingVII.5AStrategyforAbstractWritingVIII.CommonErrorsinAbstractWritingIGeneralfunctionsofanabstract1)MiniaturizingtheTextAnabstractisviewedasamini-versionoraminiatureofthedocument,summarizingthecontentofthemainbody.2)Deciding“Yes”or“No”Theabstractofapaperisimportantbecauseitmaydirectlyinfluencethepaper’sacceptancetoalearnedjournal:therevieweroreditormaybeperilously(verydangerously)closetoafinaljudgmentofthemanuscriptafterreadingtheabstractalone.3)ExpandingtheCirculationAnabstractusuallyprecedesthewholepaperandappearsseparately.Itmayberecordedbyvariousabstractingservicesthatpublishreferencevolumesusedforliteraturesearching.Tosumup:First,anabstractframesthewriter’sideasforthosewhoarebeginningtoreadhis/herpaper.Second,itidentifiesthewriter’scontributionforthosewhoareusinganinformation-retrievalservice.IILengthofabstractAnabstractisaminiatureofthepaperwithalimitofwords.Normally,a200wordsaresensiblemaximumforarelativelylongpaperorreport,butnevermorethan500words;50-100wordsmaysufficeforashortarticle.Thelengthofanabstractvariesdependingonthepaperandtheplacewhereitappears.Asageneralrule,anabstractwillbeapproximately3—5%ofthelengthofthepaper.IIICategoriesofAbstract1）Descriptive(Indicative)Abstracts（描述式摘要/指示式摘要)Adescriptiveabstractusuallystatesthegeneralsubjectmatterofthedocumentthatfollows.Ittellsinaqualitativewaythatthepaperorreportcontains.2)Informative(Informational)abstracts（报道式摘要/说明式摘要）Aninformativeabstracthighlightsthefindingsandresult,brieflybutquantitatively.Itshouldbespecificandquantitative,givingonlyessentialdatainsteadofindicatingthewholecontentingeneral.3)Informational-indicativeAbstractsAninformational-indicativeabstractisacombinedform.Itoffersfewerdetails,instead,givingemphasistotheauthor’schiefcontribution.CategoriesofAbstract(1)Adescriptiveabstractindicatesthetypeinformationfoundinthework.Itmakesnojudgmentsaboutthework,nordoesitprovideresultsorconclusionsoftheresearch.Itdoesincorporatekeywordsfoundinthetextandmayincludethepurpose,methods,andscopeoftheresearch.Essentially,thedescriptiveabstractdescribestheworkbeingabstracted.Somepeopleconsideritanoutlineofthework,ratherthanasummary.Descriptiveabstractsareusuallyveryshort—100wordsorless.CategoriesofAbstract(2)Themajorityofabstractsareinformative.WhileTheystilldonotcritique(评论)orevaluateawork,theydomorethandescribeit.Agoodinformativeabstractactsasasurrogate(替代)fortheworkitself.Thatis,thewriterpresentsandexplainsallthemainargumentsandtheimportantresultsandevidenceinthecompletearticle/paper/book.Aninformativeabstractincludestheinformationthatcanbefoundinadescriptiveabstract(purpose,methods,scope)butalsoincludestheresultsandconclusionsoftheresearchandtherecommendationsoftheauthor.CategoriesofAbstract(3)DescriptiveAbstract:叙述性文摘InformativeAbstract:说明性文摘AuthorAbstract:著者文摘HomotopicAbstract:联刊/同序文摘HighlightAbstract:要闻文摘CriticalAbstract:评论文摘SlantedAbstract:选择性文摘Statistical,TabularandNumericalAbstract:统计、表列、数据摘要Ⅳ.TheCompleteContentofanAbstract1)AStatementoftheProblemItisusuallyboileddowntoasinglesentence.2)AStatementoftheApproachtoSolvingtheProblemDescribethetreatmentofthesubjectbyoneormoresuchtermsasbrief,comprehensive,preliminaryexperimentalortheoretical.Indicatethemethodsusedtoobtainexperimentalresults.3)ThePrincipalResultSummarizethetheoreticalorexperimentalresult,theconclusion,andothersignificantitemsinthepaper.Ⅴ.FormalizedStructure1)TopicsentenceByansweringthequestionof“what”,thetopicsentencealwaysgoesstraightforwardlytothesubjectortheproblemandindicatestheprimaryobjectivesofthepaper.2)SupportingsentencesThetopicsentenceisusuallyfollowedbymorethanonesupportingsentenceswhichfurtherspecifythesubjecttobepresented.Thosesupportingsentencescanbetakenasthe“mainbody”ofanabstract.3)ConcludingsentencesConcludingsentencesanalyzetheresult,explaintheapplication,andpointoutthesignificanceoftheresearch.ExamplesentencesP35-37DoexerciseIIP40Ⅴ.“5steps”forAbstractWriting1)UnderliningKeyWords&Sentences---Payspecialattentiontotransitionaldevices2)ListingEssentialPointsofthePaper---Checkthetableofcontentsortheoutline3)BoilingdownEachSectiontoaSentenceorTwo---Shorteneachsection4)DraftingtheAbstract---Avoidincludingopinions,examples,details&explanations.Notables,figuresorsourcesfoundinthereferenceslist.Don’tuse“asnoted…,forexample,asshownin…”.5)CheckingtheFinalDraft---RewriteuntilyougetasatisfiedoneⅥI.5AStrategyforAbstractWritingQ1:Whatisthegeneralknowledgeofyourtopicintheacademicfield?Q2:Whatresearchtopicisthepapertofocuson?Q3:Whatmethodormaterialdoyouusetosupportyourmainpointofview?Q4:Whatconclusionwillyoudraw?Q5:Whatisthemaincontributionofthepaper?Abstract=A1+A2+A3+A4+A5A1toQ1A2toQ2A3toQ3A4toQ4A5toQ5Table1.TheStructureof“5AStrategy”A1:backgroundonesentenceA2:maintopicOnetopicsentence,oneortwosupportingsentencesthatsetforththeresearchtopicifnecessaryA3:spe