半导体器件基础Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevices场效应晶体管,利用改变垂直于导电沟道的电场控制沟道的导电能力,并实现放大作用Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevices场效应晶体管管的工作电流由导体中单种多数载流子输运,因此又称为单极型晶体管(UnipolarTransistor)Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevices按结构及工艺特点场效应晶体管一般可分成三类:第一类是表面场效应管,通常采取绝缘栅的形式,称为绝缘栅场效应管(IGFET)。Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevices若半导体衬底与金属栅间的绝缘介质层是Si02,即“金属-氧化物-半导体”(MOS)场效应晶体管,它是最重要的一种绝缘栅场效应晶体管;Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevices第二类是结型场效应管(JFET),一种采用pn结势垒控制器件导电能力的场效应晶体管;Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevicesN型衬底P型栅区P型栅区栅极栅极源极漏极耗尽区耗尽区Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevices第三类是薄膜场效应晶体管(TFT),结构及原理与IGFET相似。TFT采用蒸发工艺将半导体、绝缘体和金属薄膜蒸发在绝缘衬底上构成的场效应晶体管。Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevices效应晶体管与双极型晶体管相比有下述优点:(1)输入阻抗高达109一1015Ω(2)噪声系数小Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevices(3)功耗小.可制造高集成度半导体的集成电路;(4)温度稳定性好.多子器件,电学参数不随温度变化;(5)抗辐射能力强等。Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevicesMOS场效应晶体管的结构StructureofMOSFETMOS场效应管的衬底材料可以是n型半导体也可以是p型半导体。Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevicesp型衬底制成的器件,漏-源区是n型,称n沟MOS场效应管。n型衬底材料制成的器件,漏-源区是p型,称p沟MOS场效应管;Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevicesp沟MOS场效应管的工艺流程如下:Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevices(1)一次氧化:取电阻率为5-10Ω·cm的n型硅,按(100)面进行切割、研磨、抛光、清洗.然后用热氧化法生长一层5000Å以上的一次氧化层,如图(a);Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevices(2)漏-源扩散:将一次氧化后的片子进行光刻,刻出漏-源区后进行硼扩散,形成两个p+区,分别称为源(S)区和漏(D)区,如图(b);Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevices(3)光刻栅区:刻去硅片上源和漏之间的氧化层,留出栅区,如图(c);Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevices(4)栅氧化:在干氧气氛中生长厚度1500–2000Å的优质氧化层。这是制作MOS管最关键的一项工艺,栅氧化后的结构如图(d):Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevices(5)光刻引线孔、蒸铝、反刻、合金化,如图(e)及(f);上述步骤总共用了四次光刻、一次扩级、一次蒸发Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevices采用p型衬底材料,制作n沟MOS场效应管,工艺流程与制作p沟管基本相同。Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevicesChapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevicesN型衬底P型源区P型漏区Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevicesp沟MOS场效应管的示意Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevicesM0S场效应管的类型ClassificationofMOSFETp沟增强型衬底材料为n型源区和漏区均为p+型导电沟道为p型Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevices栅极电压为零时,n型半导体表面由于Si-Si02界面正电荷的作用而处于积累状态,不存在导电沟道。Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevices栅极施加一定负偏压,且达到UT值时,才形成p型沟道。栅极负偏压增大,沟通导电能力随之增强,因此称为p沟增强型管。Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevicesP沟耗尽型如果p沟MOS管栅极电压UGS=0时已经存在p型导电沟道,原始反型沟道因n型半导体表面耗尽而形成,所以称为p沟耗尽型管。Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevicesUGS等于UP时,表面导电沟道消失,通常称UP为夹断电压或截止电压,显然,UP>0。Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevicesp沟增强型管的开启电压(负值)和p沟耗尽型管的夹断电压(正值)统称为阈值电压。Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevicesn型Si(B)p+p+p+p+p沟增强型p沟耗尽型SDGBSDGBSGDSGDChapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevicesn沟增强型衬底材料为p型源区和漏区均为n+型导电沟道为n型Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevices栅极电压为零时,由于氧化层中正电荷的作用,半导体表面耗尽但未形成导电沟道。UGS=UT时表面强反型,形成n型沟道。Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevices此时加在栅极上的电压UT即n沟增强型MOS管的开启电压,UT>0。Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevicesn沟耗尽型如p型衬底浓度较低氧化层中正电荷密度较大栅下硅表面可能在UGS=0时就已满足强反型条件,并形成n型导电沟导。Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevices这种MOS管称为n沟道耗尽型场效应管。栅电极如施加负压,抵消氧化层中正电荷的作用,表面能带下弯程度减小,可从强反型转为反型,甚至为耗尽。Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevices同样定义使原始n型表面沟道消失所需的栅极电压为夹断电压UP。不过n沟耗尽型MOS管的UP是负值。Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevicesUT与UP统称为n沟管的阈值电压。图示分别为n沟MOS管的示意图和电路符号。Chapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevicesp型Si(B)n+n+n+n+n沟增强型n沟耗尽型SGDSGDSDGBSDGBChapter4Metal–Oxide-SemiconductorFieldEffectTransistorsFundamentalofSemiconductorDevices如在n型衬底材料上不仅制作p沟MOS管,而且同时制作n沟MOS管(n沟MOS管制作在p阱内),就构成了所谓的CMOS(