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1全国2011年1月自学考试现代语言学试题I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,C,orDinthebrackets.(2%×10=20%)1.Thereisadifferencebetweenwhatweknow,whichisourlinguisticcompetence,andhowweusethisknowledgeinactualspeechproductionand______,whichisourlinguisticperformance.()A.creationB.communicationC.comprehensionD.perception2.Thesoundsthatbeginandendthewordschurchandjudgearevoicelessandvoiced______,respectively.()A.affricatesB.stopsC.velarsD.palatals3.Morphemeswhichrepresentsuchgrammaticalcategoriesasnumber,tense,gender,andcasearecalled_______morphemes.()A.freeB.boundC.derivationalD.inflectional4.XPmaycontainmorethanjustX.Phrasesthatareformedofmorethanonewordusuallycontainhead,______andcomplement.()A.modifierB.determinerC.qualifierD.specifier5.______isconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticformwhile_______dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandnon-linguisticworldofexperience.()A.Reference,senseB.Sense,referentC.Sense,referenceD.Referent,sense6.AccordingtoJohnAustin’stheoryofspeechact,a(n)______actistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention.()A.prelocutionaryB.locutionaryC.illocutionaryD.perlocutionary7.Soundchangesmayincludethelossofasoundorsounds.Theso-calledapocopereferstotheomissionofavowelsegment________.()A.inword-initialB.inword-middleC.inword-finalD.insyllable-initial8.IncontrasttoStandardAmericanEnglish,BlackEnglishisthedistinctvarietyofEnglishnativetoblackpopulationsintheUSA.WeregardBlackEnglishas________.()A.aregionaldialectB.asocialdialectC.asituationaldialectD.anethnicdialect9.Amongthelanguagecenters,______isresponsibleforphysicalarticulationofutterances.()A.themotorareaB.Broca’sareaC.Wernicke’sareaD.theangulargyrus10.Thelanguageat________stagebeginstoreflectthedistinctionbetweensentence-types,suchasnegativesentences,imperatives,andquestions.()A.prelinguisticB.one-wordC.two-wordD.multiwordII.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%×10=10%)11.Aisoneofthedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguage,whichmeansthereisingeneralnonaturalrelationbetweenmeaningsandsounds.12.Amongthethreebranchesofphonetics,thestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofthestreamsofsoundsproducedinspeechisknownasaphonetics.13.Inusingthemorphologicalrules,wemustguardagainstointhatdifferentwordsmayrequiredifferentaffixestocreatethesamemeaningchange.14.UniversalGrammarisasetofprinciplesandpofgrammarwhich,accordingtoChomsky,isinheritedgeneticallybyallhumanbeings.15.Thesynonymssuchaseconomical,thrifty,andstingyaredifferentintheiremeaning.16.MostoftheviolationsofthefourmaximsundertheCooperativePrinciplegiverisetoconversationali.17.Whenthereisaneedtoreduceambiguityandincreasecommunicativeclarityorexpressiveness,thenruleeoccurs.18.Apidginisamlanguagedevelopedasamediumoftrade,orthroughotherextendedbutlimitedcontact,betweengroupsofspeakerswhohavenootherlanguageincommon.219.Thelocalizationofcognitiveandperceptualfunctionsinaparticularhemisphereofthebrainiscalled1.20.Languageacquisitionisconcernedwithlanguagedevelopmentinhumans.Generallyspeaking,itreferstochildren’sdevelopmentoftheirflanguage.III.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinkso.(2%×10=20%)21.()“There’samotorcyclecomingisseenas,outofcontext,astatementthatamotorcycleiscoming.Butinaparticularcontext,itmightbeawarningtoapedestriannottostepontoaroad.Whenthestudyofmeaningisconsideredinthecontextofuse,itbecomesabranchoflinguisticscalledpragmatics.22．()Todistinguishbetweenphonemesandphones，linguistsuseslashes／／forphoneticsegmentsandsquarebrackets[]forphonemicsegments．23．()Prefixesmodifythemeaningofthestemandalsochangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword．24．()Inadditiontosentencesandclauses，asyntacticcategoryusuallyreferstoa1exicalcategoryoraphrasalcategorythatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunction．25．()Theword“flower”and“flour”，whichareidenticalinsound，butdifferentinspellingandmeaning，arehomophones．26．()Astheprocessofcommunicationisessentiallyaprocessofconveyingmeaninginacertaincontext，pragmaticscanberegardedasakindofmeaningstudy.27．()Themeaningrepresentationofwordsmaychange，becomingbroader,narrower,orshifted．Thewordknightoncemeant“youth”，butwaselevatedinmeaningintheageofchivalry；WhenJuliettellsRomeo，“I’mtoofond.”SheisnotclaimingshelikesRomeotoomuch．Shemeans“Iamtoofoolish．”Thesearetwoexamplesofsemanticbroadening．28．()Insociolinguistics，speechcommunityreferstoagroupofspeakerswhoconstituteacommunityandsharethesamelanguageoraparticularvarietyoflanguage．SpeakersofEnglishingeneralmightbetreatedassuchacommunity.29．()Generallyspeaking，thelefthemisphereofthebraincontrolsvoluntarymovementsof,andrespondstosignalsfrom，therightsideofthebody．30．()TheoptimumageforSLAalwaysaccordswiththemaximof’“theyoungerthebetter”．IV.Directions:Explaninthefollowingtermsan