Unit-13-15-Intonation

1EnglishIntonation2TypesofEnglishIntonationIntonation:FallingTone↘RisingTone↗Falling-risingTone↘↗3Intonation:Why?A.Itshowstherelationshipofwordswithinandbetweensentences;B.Ittellssomethingaboutthefeelingofthespeaker.4They'regoingto'havea↘picnic.They'regoingto'havea↗picnic.5'Thosewho'sold↘↗quickly'madea↘profit.(Aprofitwasmadebythosewhosoldquickly.)'Thosewho↘↗sold'quickly'madea↘profit.(Aprofitwasquicklymadebythosewhosold.)6I.TypesofEnglishIntonation1.FallingTone↘2.RisingTone↗3.Falling-risingTone↘↗7II.StructureofEnglishIntonationP=Pre-head调冠H=Head调头N=Nucleus调核T=Tail调尾8ElementsinanintonationunitWeareLEARNingaFOReignLANGuage.PHNTThenucleus:thestressedsyllableofthelastprominentwordinatoneunit.调核句中的最后一个重读音节，是语调单位的核心。Thetail:anysyllableorsyllablesthatmayfollowthenucleus.调尾所有出现在调核之后的音节。Thehead:thepartofatoneunitthatextendsfromthefirststressedsyllableuptothenucleus调头语调单位中从第一个重读音节到调核前的那一部分。Thepre-head:anyunstressedsyllableorsyllablesthatmayprecedethehead-orthenucleus,ifthereisnohead.调冠任何在调头若无调头则在调核之前的非重读音节。9WeareLEARNingaFOReignLANGuage.PHNTP=Pre-head调冠H=Head调头N=Nucleus调核T=Tail调尾10IamWRItingaLETtertohimNOW.这个句子有10个音节，其中3个是重读音节。最后一个重读音节是NOW。所以，也是语调单位的调核。调核是语调单位的核心部分。即使这个语调单位只含一个音节，如单字句Yes.No.Why?等，调核仍然是不可或缺的部分。语调单位的调尾、调头、调冠在语调单位中，所有出现在调核之后的音节都称之为“调尾”。在句子IamWRItingaLETtertohim.中，语调单位的调核在音节LET上。调核之后有3个非重读音节。这些音节是语调单位的调尾。语调单位中从第一个重读音节到调核前的那一部分是语调单位的“调头”。句子IamWRItingaLETtertohim中，“调头”由3个音节组成：“writinga”。任何在调头，或若如无调头则在调核之前的非重读音节称作“调冠”句子“IamWRItingaLETtertohim”中，“Iam”组成了这一语调单位的“调冠”。所以不是每个句子都有完整的四个部分，但是一定都有调核！11Markoutthenuclusinthefollowingintonationunits.PHNT:She'llbeabletodoitproperly.PHN:Itwasaverydarknight.PNT:Hesaidso.PN:They'llbelate.HNT:Isn'tJohngoing?HN:Goahead.NT:Pardon?N:Thanks.12III.TheUseofEnglishIntonationThefallingtone--indicating`definiteness‘and`completeness’.表示确定和完整Typesofsentences:Ordinarystatements陈述句WHquestions特殊疑问句Imperativesentences(strongcommands)表命令的祈使句Exclamatorysentences感叹句13陈述句Theyaregoingtohavea↘picnic.特殊疑问句What’syour↘name?表命令的祈使句Turnoffthe↘TV.感叹句Whatanice↘day!反问句，对所说的内容确定Youareastudent,↘aren’tyou?Yes,Iam.14Therisingtone---indicating`uncertainty',`incompleteness'or`politeness'.表示不确定,不完整.Typesofsentences:Yes-noquestions“Yes-no“问句Statementsintendedasquestions陈述疑问句Statementsintendedtobesoothingorencouraging表安慰或鼓励的陈述句Repetitionquestions重复性问句Unfinishedpartsinastatement陈述句中的未完部分15“Yes-no“问句Areyoua↗student？陈述疑问句Theyaregoingtohavea↗picnic?表安慰或鼓励的陈述句Don’t↗worry.Takeit↗easy.列举未完Ilove↗music,↗sportsand↘movies.反问句，对所说的内容不确定A:Youareastudent,↗aren’tyou?B:No,Iamateacher.重复性问句Ａ：Iloveseafood.A:Passmethesalt.B:↗Seafood?B:Whatdidyou↗say?委婉的祈使句Pleaseopenthe↗door.Turnoffthe↗TV.陈述句中的未完部分Heputhis↗hatandwent↘out.Earlythenext↗morning,Jennywentto↘work.Thedoor↗opened,andincomethe↘teacher.16Thefalling-risingtone-showingcontrast,implication,disagree-ment,contradiction,orwarning,etc.表示对比,暗示,不同意,反驳或警告Typesofsentences:Statementswherecontrastisimplied暗含对比的陈述句Statementswhichimplyreservation暗含有所保留的陈述Statementswhichshowdisagreementorcontradiction表示不同意或反驳的陈述句Warnings表示警告意思的陈述句17暗含对比的陈述句---Aftersuchalongtripareyourparentsallright↗now?---Yes,my↘fatherisall↗right,butmy↘↗motherisvery↘tired.On↘weekendsI↗play,on↘↗weekdaysI↘work.暗含有所保留的陈述A:It’sagoodidea!B:It↘sounds↗wonderful,butunrealistic.A:TomisgoodinEnglish.B:He↘↗usedto.A:Canyouplaychess?B:↘↗OnceIcould.表示不同意或反驳,A:Ican’tdoit.B:Yes,you↘↗can.纠正的陈述句A:ShearrivedonSaturday.B:↘↗Monday.表示警告意思的陈述句The↘teachersare↗coming.Your↘chairsis↗slipping.181.---HelooksabitTIRED,DOESN’the?---Yes,VERYtired.---WhatdidhedolastNIGHT?---HeworkedallNIGHTlastnight.191.---Helooksabit↘TIRED,↘DOESN’the?---Yes,↘VERYtired.---Whatdidhedolast↘NIGHT?---Heworkedall↘NIGHTlastnight.202.---WhatareyouDOING?---I’mSTUDYING.---StudyingWHAT?MATHSorENGLISH?---NEITHER.I’mstudyingCHINESE.212.---Whatareyou↘DOING?---I’m↘STUDYING.---Studying↘WHAT?↗MATHSor↘ENGLISH?---↘NEITHER.I’mstudying↘CHINESE.223.---WhatTIMEisit?---It’stentoNINE.---AreweleavingNOW?---Let’sGO.233.---What↘TIMEisit?---It’stento↘NINE.---Areweleaving↗NOW?---Let’s↘GO.244.---AftersuchalongtripareyourparentsallrightNOW?---Yes,myFATHERisallRIGHT,butmyMOTHERisveryTIRED.254.---Areyourparentsallright↗NOWaftersuchalongtrip?---Yes,my↘FATHERisall↗RIGHT,butmy↘↗MOTHERisvery↘TIRED.26IV.ThefunctionsofEnglishintonation1.Theaccentualfunction强调功能2.Thegrammaticalfunction语法功能3.Thediscoursefunction语段功能4.Theattitudinalfunction态度功能271.Theaccentualfunctionofintonation强调功能Theplacementoftonicstressisafunctionofintonation.Thelocationofthetonicsyllableisofconsiderablelinguisticimportance.Themostcommonpositionforthisisonthelastlexicalwordofthetoneunit.Forcontrastivepurpose,however,anywordmaybecomethetonicsyllable.IarrivedinLondonatlast.IarrivedinLondonatlast.IarrivedinLondonatlast.282.Thegrammaticalfunction语法功能Thefollowingsentenceisam'biguouswhenwrittenandtheambiguitycanonlyberemovedbyusingdifferencesofintonation:'Thosewho'sold↘↗quickly'madea↘profit.(Aprofitwasmadebythosewhosoldquickly.)'Thosewho↘↗sold'quickly'madea↘profit.(Aprofitwasquicklymadebythosewhosold.)29Anotherexampleis