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1初中英语被动语态深度讲解语态的基本概念和种类语态是动词的一种形式，用来表明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。所以英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。如：Theybuiltthebridge.Thebridgewasbuiltbythem.（一）被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以teach为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。1一般现在时：am／is／are＋taughtSheoftenwaterstheflowers.Theflowersareoftenwateredbyher’Englishisspokenbylotsofpeopleintheworld2一般过去时：was／were＋taughtWas/weredoneWevisitedaformyesterday.Aformwasvisitedyesterdaybyus.thecupwasbrokenbytheboy.Hewassavedatlast.Mybikewasstolen,Somenewcomputerswerestolenlastnight.Thisbookwaspublishedin1981.这本书出版于1981年3一般将来时：will／shallbe＋taughtAm/is/aregoingtobedoneShewillplantsometreesthisweek.sometreeswillbeplantedthisweek.ourclassisgoingtoholdapartythismorning.ApartyisgoingtobeheldthiseveningbyourclassAnewroadwillbebuiltnextyear4现在进行时：am／is／arebeing＋taught过去进行时：was/werebeingdoneHeisreadinganovel.AnovelisbeingreadTheproblemwasbeingdiscussednowThemachinewasbeingrepairedatthistimeyesterday.5现在完成时：have／hasbeen＋taught歌诀是：被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面Wehavefinishedthework.Theworkhasalreadybeenfinishedbyus.26情态动词的被动语态是常考的一个知识点：情态动词+be+过去分词HecanspeakEnglishEnglishcanbespokenbyhimWeshouldplantmoretreesonthemountainMoretreesshouldbeplantedonthemountainYoumustfinishedyourhomeworkintimeyourhomeworkmustbefinishedfinishedintime（三）主动语态变被动语态的方法与注意事项歌诀是：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。(1)通常的办法是：将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，将主动结构中的谓语动词变为“be/get+过去分词”形式，将主动结构中的主语变为介词by的宾语(若动作的执行者没有必要说明则可以省略该by短语)。如：LiLeiplantedthetreelastyear.→ThetreewasplantedbyLiLeilastyear.这棵树是李蕾去年栽的。WorkersmadethemachinesinChangsha.\→ThemachinesweremadeinChangsha.这些机器是长沙造的。(2)将含有复合宾语的句子变为被动语态时，应将宾语变为被动结构的主语，而宾语的补足语则留在原处成为主语补足语。如：Hepaintedthedoorgreenyesterday.→Thedoorwaspaintedgreenyesterday.昨天门被漆成绿色了。注意：表示“使、让”的动词make,have等，以及感官动词see,watch,observe,feel,hear,listento,lookat等，感官动词或使役动词的主动语态后跟不带to不定式作宾语补足语，但变为被动语态时，须转为带to不定式。如：Isawabagdropfromthebus.→Abagwasseentodropfromthebus.Mothermadeherbabysleepinherarms.→Thebabywasmadetosleepinhermother’sarms.Isawhimgointotheteachers’office.→Hewasseentogointotheteachers’office.看见他进入了教师办公室。Weoftenhearhersinginthenextroom.Sheisoftenheardtosinginthenextroom.Thebossmadethemworkfor16hoursadayTheyweremsdetoworkfor16hoursadaysbytheboss(3)带双宾语的句子变为被动语态时，既可将直接宾语变为被动语态的主语，而在间接宾语前加to或for留在动词之后；也可将间接宾语变为被动结构的主语，而直接宾语留在动词之后。但一般采用后一种用法。如：Hegavemethepenlastyear.→Iwasgiventhepenlastyear.Thepenwasgiventomelastyear.这支笔是去年给我的。Heboughtmeabook3=abookwasboughtformebyhim直接宾语和间接宾语都可作被动语态的主语。如：Mr.Smithgaveusalecture.→WeweregivenalecturebyMr.Smith.或---AlecturewasgivenbyMr.Smith.当句中含有return,write,find,buy等动词时，常把直接宾语转为被动语态的主语，同时要注意介词的搭配。如：Ireturnedhimthebook.→Thebookwasreturnedtohim.（注意用to）Hewrotemeashortnote.→Ashortnotewaswrittentome.(注意用to)Hefoundmeanumbrella.→Anumbrellawasfoundforme.(注意用for)Iboughthersomeflowers.→Someflowerswereboughtforher.（注意用for）【说明】一般说来，间接宾语前带to的动词有：bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,post,send,show,take,teach,tell,write,throw等；间接宾语前带for的动词有：book,buy,call,cook,do,get,make,save等。(4)动词believe,consider,declare,expect,know,report,say,suppose,think等的被动语态，常有两种结构形式。如：Hewassaidtogethurtinthecaraccident.人们说他在车祸中受伤了。Itwassaidthathegothurtinthecaraccident.人们说他在车祸中受伤了。(5)短语动词变被动语态时，短语动词后面的介词或副词不能省略，短语动词应当看作一个整体。如：Shehasneverbeenoperatedonbefore.她从未动过手术。Thebabywaslookedafterbyhersister.这婴儿由她的姐姐照顾。Hisplanwaslaughedatbyeveryone.他的计划大家都嘲笑。Wecan’tlookdownuponanybody.→Anybodycan’tbelookeddownupon.Thedoorkeeperturnsoffthelightsat11pmeveryday.→Thelightsareturnedoffat11pmbythedoorkeepereveryday.Thenurseistakingcareofthesickman.→Thesickmanisbeingtakencareofbythenurse.（6）动词不定式的被动语态：即把todo变成tobedone（五）不用被动语态的情况1)不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态：appear,die,disappear,end,fail,happen,last,lie,remain,sit,spread,stand,breakout,cometrue,fallasleep,keepsilence,loseheart,takeplace.如，Afterthefire,verylittleremainedofmyhouse.比较：rise,fall,happen是不及物动词；raise,seat是及物动词。(错)Thepricehasbeenrisen.4(对)Thepricehasrisen.(错)Theaccidentwashappenedlastweek.(对)Theaccidenthappenedlastweek.(错)Thepricehasraised.(对)Thepricehasbeenraised.(错)Pleaseseat.(对)Pleasebeseated.要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。2）动词形式上是被动的，但实际上是“系动词+表语”结构，一般学习方法是靠平时积累。如：Heisseatedatthedesk.他坐在桌旁。Theboywaslostinthestreet.男孩在街上迷路了。Thegirlisdressedinaredskirt.这个女孩穿着红裙子。Hewasdrunkinthebar.他在酒吧喝醉了。Mydreamisgonewiththewind.我的梦随风而去了。3）当break,wash,sell,burn,read,clean,run,ride,wear,write,open,close等动词有状语修饰时，用主动形式表示被动意义。Glassbreakseasily.玻璃易碎。Theclothwasheswell.这种布料很好洗。Thisnewbooksellswell.新书很畅销。Drywoodburnseasily.干柴易燃。Theletterreadsasfollows.信的内容如下。Theglasscleanseasily.这些杯子易洗。Thenewcarrunswell.这辆新车跑得很正常。Mynewbikerideswell.我的新自行车很好骑。Theshoeswearlong.这种鞋子很耐穿。Thepenwritessmoothly.这笔写起来很流畅。Theshopopensat9amandclosesat9pm4)不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：fit,have,hold,marry,own,wish,cost,notice,watchagreewith,arriveat/in,shakehandswith,succeedin,sufferfrom,happento,takepartin,walkinto,belongto如，Thiskeyjustfitsthelock.Yourstoryagreeswithwhathadalreadybeenheard.5)系动词无被动语态：appear,bebecome,fall,feel,get,grow,keep,look,remain,seem,smell,sound,stay,taste,turnItsoundsgood