ireland-presentation-爱尔兰介绍

Ireland.APresentationonthehistory,culture,traditionsandpeopleofIreland.ByMr.RobertKelly.IrelandIrelandisanislandatthewesternedgeofeurope.Irelandhastwoseparatejuristictions.RepublicofIrelandCapital:DublinPopulation:4.3millionCurrency:EuroNorthernIrelandCapital:BelfastPopulation:1.7millionCurrency:PoundEnglishandIrishisspokeninbothROIandNI.GeographyandClimateAringofcoastalmountainssurroundslowcentralplains.Theislandhasamildoceanicclimate.Nottoohot,nottoocold.Rainandwindisyearround.ItreceivesthefullforceofstormsfromtheAtlanticOcean,especiallyinwinter.WildlifeWildlifeanimalsofIrelandaretypicallywoodlandanimals.Reddeer,redfox,mountainhare,badgerFarmedanimalsCowsandespeciallysheeparefoundeverywhereinIreland.TheyareveryimportanttotheIrisheconomy.IrishHistory9000yearsagoIrelandwascoveredinice.AndtheIceAgeended.StoneagepeoplearrivedfromEuropeabout8000BC.Agriculture(farming)beganabout4000BC.TheCeltsTheCelticraceofpeoplearrivedfromEuropetoIrelandbetween800-100BC.IrelandbecameaCelticcountry.ItwasfromthistribalpeoplethatthemodernIrishlanguagecamefromandIrishidentityisfoundedupon.ChristianityChristianitybegantoarriveinIrelandfromabout431ADonwards.TheCeltsadoptedthenewreligion.St.PatrickiscreditedwithbringingthereligiontoIrelandandSt.PatricksdayiscelebratedonMarch17theveryyear.Christianmonasteries.IrelandbegantoattractmanyChristianmonksfromEuropeasaplaceoflearningandalifeofreligion.Itsremotelocationappealedtomanymonkstobuildmanymonasteries.TheruinsofoneoftheoldestandremotestmonasteriesisScelligMhicael,nowatouristattraction.TheruinsofMonasteriesarefoundthroughoutIrelandandarenowverypopulartouristattractions.Vikingraiders.VikingsfromtheScandinaviancountries(Norway,Sweden,Denmark)beganraidingtownsandmonasteriesontheIrishcoastsinthe9thCentury.TheVikingsespeciallyraidedChristianmonasterieswhereprecioustreasuresandgoodscouldbestolen.ThemonksbuilttallroundtowerstohideinwhentheVikingsattacked.LatertheVikingsbegantosettleinIrelandandbuildporttownssuchasDublin.TheNormansNormanscameinthe12thcenturyandbuiltcastlesalloverthecountryandfoundedmanytowns.TheNormanscameoriginallyfromNormandyinFrance.Overmanyyearsthedivisionbetweenthe3(Celts,NormansandVikings)disappearedandtheybecameasingleIrishrace,speakingtheIrishlanguageandlivingtheIrishwayoflife.NormancastlescanbefoundacrossIreland.ThestartofBritishruleinIreland.In1171KingHenry2ofEnglandcametoIrelandtoclaimsovereigntyoverIreland.HoweverinrealityEnglishcontrolwasonlymaintainedinDublin.Therestofthecountrycontinuedtobeawildplace,whichremainedunderthecontroloftheIrishkings.ThePlantationsofIreland.SeriousattemptsbytheEnglishCrowntobringIrelandunderthecontrolofLondondidnotbeginuntilthe15thand16thcenturies.LandsweretakenfromtheIrishkingsbyinvadingBritish.LandwasgiventoloyalEnglishsettlers.Themostsuccessfulplantationwasinthenorth.MostpeopleinNorthernIrelandtodayaredescendantsfromtheEnglishsettlers.ThesepeoplearestillloyaltoEngland.OliverCromwellOliverCromwellwontheCivilwarinEngland.HewasdeterminedtobringIrelandunderhiscontrol.HeconqueredallofIrelandby1652.TheGreatFamine1845-1850ThestapledietoftheIrishpeopleatthistimewasthepotato.ThepotatowasalmostentirelyreleyeduponbyIrishpeople.ManypeoplediedoremigratedtoAmerica.Sincethe1840semigrationbecameapartofIirshlifeupuntilthelate1990s.EmigrationPeoplelefttofindabetterlifeandgoodjobsinothercountries.ThestrugglewithEnglandandapooreconomywasthecauseofsomanyleaving.ThepopulationofIrelandhasalwaysbeensmallasaresultandtodayisonly6million.The1916RisingThe1916RisingwasthestartoftheWarofIndependenceagainstEngland.IndependencewasdeclaredbyIrishVolunteersattheGeneralPostOffice(GPO).In2006theIrishGovernmentcelebrated90yearssincetheRising.IndependenceandthedivisionofIreland.MichaelCollinshadledthewareffortagainstBritain.AtreatywassignedaftertheWarofIndependencein1921.HoweverthepeopleofNorthernIrelanddidnotwanttoseparatefromEnglandandsotheyremainedpartoftheUnitedKingdom(UK).ManyoftheNIpeoplefeltbetrayedbytheBritishgovernmentforgivingindependencetotheIrish.CivilwarinIreland1921-1923AlmosthalfoftheIrishpeoplerefusedtoaccepttheTreaty.MostIrishpeoplevotedinfavouroftheTreaty,wishingtoendviolenceandallowNorthernIrelandtoremainpartoftheUK.CivilwarstartedbetweenthetwoIrishsidesintheRepublicofIreland.Theanti-treatymovementwasledbyEamonnDevalera.Top:EamonnDeValerawhorejectedtheTreatyandledtheanti-treatymovement.Bottom:MichaelCollinswhodefendedtheTreaty.NorthernIrelandand‘TheTroubles’1969-1998.TheTroublesbeganwithunrestbetweenthemajorityloyalistandtheminorityrepublicanpopulationofNI.Loyalist=peopledescendedfromEnglishsettlersduringtheplantations.Republican=peopledescendedfromnativeIrish.HereisaBritishsoldierondutyinthestreetsofNI.ArmieswerefoundedonbothsidesofNI’scommunity.OntheRepublicansidetheIrishRepublicanArmy(IRA)wasfounded.OntheLoyalistsidetheUlsterVolunteerForce(UVF)wasfounded.BotharmiesweredeclaredillegalbythegovernmentsinLondonandDublin.TheBritishArmywasdeployedinNItotrytocontroltheviolence.Th