10.3ConceptualMetaphorandmetonymy•3.1ConceptualMetaphor概念隐喻Metaphorisafigureofspeech,intradition.However,inthecognitivelinguisticview,metaphorisapropertyofconcepts,andapowerfulcognitivetoolforourconceptualizationofabstractcategories.在认知语言学中,隐喻的本质是概念性的,以某一领域的经验来说明另一种领域的经验,是人们对抽象范畴进行概念化的一种认知工具.•Definition•Understandingoneconceptualdomain(域)orcognitivedomainintermsofanotherconceptualdomain.•ExamplesHeisatiger.Timeismoney.独生子是小皇帝。•Sourcedomain始发域•theconceptualdomainfromwhichwedrawmetaphoricalexpressionstounderstandanotherconceptualdomain.(tiger)•Targetdomain目标域•Theconceptualdomainthatisunderstoodintermsofthesourcedomain(he)CONCEPTUALDOMAIN(A)ISCONCEPTUALDOMAIN(B)TARGETDOMAINSOURCEDOMAINHeisatigerLoveisajourney东西长安街成了喧腾的大海X(target)isY(source)Categories:实体,结构,方位(空间)1)Ontologicalmetaphors实体隐喻实体隐喻是指人类以自身经验和生理实体为基础,把事件、行为、情感、思想等抽象概念转换为实体。它是人类根据以实体为基础的抽象的概念表达。•以涨价经验为例,这种经验可以通过名词“通货膨胀”隐喻为实体。•Inflationisloweringourstandardofliving.•Weneedtocombatinflation.•例子中,通货膨胀被认为是为可以是人们对它进行谈论、量化和识别的实体。2)Structuralmetaphors结构隐喻•以一种概念的结构来构造另一种概念,是两种概念叠加,将谈论一种概念的各方面的词语用于谈论另一概念。TIMEISMONEYspendmoney/time/effort.ARGUMENTISAWAR.•Yourclaimsareindefensible.你的言辞不容辩解•Ihaveneverwonanargumentwithhim.同他争论我从未赢过3)Orientationalmetaphors方位(空间)隐喻•以人们生存经验为基础,将一些抽象的概念,如情绪,数量,身体状况等投射到具体的方位概念上。HAPPYISUP;SADISDOWN•I’mfeelingup/down.•Youareinhigh/lowspirits.•Myspiritsissank.MOREISUP;LESSISDOWN•Thenumberofbooksprintedeachyearkeepsgoingup.•Ifyouaretoohot,turntheheatdown.•HIGHSTATUSISUP;LOWSTATUSISDOWN.《认知语言学概论》赵艳芳外教社《语言学教程》胡壮麟北京大学出版社