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1Puritanism:stressedpredestination,originalsin,totaldepravity,andlimitedatonementfromGod’sgraceStressedhardwork,thrift,pietyandsobriety以伊甸园传说为基础Transcendentalism(超验主义)markedthematurityofAmericanRomanticismandthefirstrenaissancespiritandindividualandnature；AmericanPuritanism+EuropeanRomanticismRealism:broadlydefinedas“thefaithfulrespentationofreality”or“verisimilitude”.Naturalism:atermcreatedbyEmileZola(法国女作家)；menareweak;philosophicalpessimistsAmoredeliberatekindofrealisminnovels,storiesandplays,usuallyinvolvingaviewofhumanbeingsaspassivevictimsofnaturalforcesandsocialenvironment.Modernism:cuttingoffhistoryandasenseofdespairandloss;refusedtoacceptthetraditionalvaluesFreeverse:poetrywithoutafixedbeatorregularrhythm/linelength;dependsonnaturalspeechrhythms&thecounterpointofstressedandunstressedsyllablesTheGildedAge(镀金时代1865-1914)：MarkTwain–内战后的普遍disillusionment&frustration工业化成果&GoldRush特点：1.Straightforward2.Focusoncommonnessofcommonpeople’slives3.Objective4.Presentmoralvisions5.UsuallyopenendingLostGeneration:Paris,atermcreatedbyGertrudeStein(美国女作家)Hemingway–代言人YoungwriterswhowerecutofffromoldvaluesandyetunabletohandletheneweraJazzAge(1920s)/theRoaringTwenties:excitingacceleration;restlesspursuitofstimulusandpleasuredisillusionement(幻灭)withideasandcivilizationF.ScottFitzgerald1.BenjaminFranklin(富兰克林1706-1790):TheAutobiography《自传》：simplicity,frankness&wit;AmericanDream2.ThomasPaine(潘恩1737-1809政治宣传册):CommonSense《常识》：独立革命时期最佳政治宣传册TheAmericanCrisis:16本系列宣传册；3.PhilipFreneau(弗伦诺1752-1832诗人):FatherofAmericanPoetry;PoetoftheAmericanRevolutionTheWildHoneysuckle《野金银花》；4.ThomasJefferson(杰斐逊1743-1826):the3rdPresidentTheDeclarationofIndependence起草者之一三、AmericanRomanticism/Renaissance浪漫主义文学(18世纪末-19世纪中后期)individualismfoldstoriesasanescapefromthecivilizedsocietyandwererichinmysticcolor;againstrationalism1)Pre-Romanticism(1770-1830):5.WashingtonIrving(欧文1783-1859):美国首位国际闻名作家&美国文学之父theauthorofthefirstAmericanshortstories;thefirstprosestylistofAmericanRomanticism文风：Americanindigenoushumor;mildandprone；simplicity,lucidity,poiseandeaseflowTheLegendofSleepyHollow；RipVanWinkle:Germanlegend；anescapefromsocietyandreturntonature；Essay:TheSketchBook《见闻札记》:美国浪漫主义开端6.JamesFenimoreCooper(库珀小说家):oneofthefirstauthorstowriteabouttheAmericanWestwardMovement.发展了三类小说：therevolutionarypast-TheSpy;seanovels-ThePilot《领航者》;theAmericanfrontiernovelsLeatherStockingTales:frontiernovels-ThePioneer《拓荒者》(thefirsttrueromanceofAmericanfrontier)；ThePathfinder《探路者》;ThePrairie《大草原》;TheDeerslayer《杀鹿者》;TheLastofMohicans《最后的莫希干人》(成就最高)2)Post-Romanticism(1830-1860)7.RalphWaldoEmerson(爱默生思想家，散文家&诗人)：fatherofAmericanliterature超验主义代表;主题-nature&meditationEssays:Nature《论自然》：超验主义圣经(manifesto)；Self-Reliance《论自立》；TheTranscendentalistTheAmericanScholar《论美国学者》：美国知识分子独立宣言–文化独立&文学地位;8.HenryDavidThreau(梭罗1817-1862思想家):Walden《瓦尔登湖》;9.NathanielHawthorne(霍桑1804-1864小说家):美国首位杰出小说家道德伦理问题;humansoul文风：themostambivalent;mystical;criticismoflife;soft,flowingandalmostfeminineTheMarbleFaun《玉石雕像》TheScarletLetter:HesterPrynne,Chillingworth&DimmesdaleTheBlithedaleRomance《福谷传奇》；TheHouseoftheSevenGables《有七个尖角阁的房子》：familydecadenceMossesfromanOldManse《古屋青苔》10.HermanMelville(梅尔维尔1819-1891小说家)：MobyDick《白鲸》:thefirstAmericanproseepic;Ishmaelasthenarrator,steepedinsymbolismOneoftheworld’sgreatestmasterpiecestogettoknowthe19thcenturyAmericanThevoyage=thesearchforthetruth;MobyDick=宇宙的神秘；自然的强大；世间的邪恶11.EdgarAllanPoe(爱伦•坡1809-1849诗人,小说家&批评家):首位美国职业作家；美国侦探小说之父2Poems:ToHelenTheRaven；AnnabelLee(哥特风)小说：TheFalloftheHouseofUsher《厄舍古屋的倒塌》;TheMurdersintheRueMorgue《莫格街谋杀案》12.WaltWhitman(惠特曼1819-1892诗人)：democraticpoet,Freeverseweeklynewspaper:theLongIslanderLeavesofGrass《草叶集》：DemocraticBible；thebirthoftrulyAmericanpoetry&theendoftheAmericanromanticismSongofMyself《自我之歌》;IhearAmericaSinging；Isitandlookout;beat!beat!drums!13.EmilyDickinson(迪金森1830-1886女诗人)：theme–religion,lifeanddeath,loveandmarriage,nature,immortality文风:Abundantuseofdashes,andirregularandoftenidiosyncraticpunctuationandcapitalizationandclear-cutanddelicatelyoriginalimagery,precisedictionandfragmentarypattern;ImagismBecauseICouldNotStopforDeath《因为我不能等待死神》；I’mNobody.WhoAreYou?《我是无名小卒！你是谁？》ThisisMyLettertotheWorld;IHeardaFlyBuzzWhenIDied《我死时听到一只苍蝇叫》对比：惠特曼-societyatlarge迪金森-lifeonindividuals四、TheAgeofRealism现实主义(19世纪中期-20世纪初)南北战争–废奴小说-现实主义起点~温和现实主义：WilliamDeanHowells–大贵族大资产阶级vs.乡土小说：MarkTwain–底层社会14.WilliamDeanHowells(豪威尔斯1837-1920):TheRiseofSilasLapham《赛拉斯拉帕姆的发迹》;AModernInstance《现代例证》;AHazardofNewFortunes《新财富的危害》：三部曲15.HenryJames(詹姆斯1843-1916小说家):thefounderofpsychologicalrealism文风：highlyrefinedlanguageDaisyMiller:anoutragetoAmericangirlhood；theheroine=thefreespiritoftheNewWorldTheAmbassadors;TheBostonians《波士顿人》;TheAmerican;ThePortraitofaLady;TheWingsoftheDove;TheGoldenBowl；评论集：FrenchPoetsandNovelists;Hawthorne;PartialPortraits《不完整的画像》16.MarkTwain(马克•吐温1835-1910):美国文学里程碑thetruefatherofournationalliteraturerealistsandhumorists；localcolorfiction:mixedwithplotswithrealisticdescriptionLifeontheMissippi;TheAdventuresofTomSawyer《汤姆•索耶历险记》;ThePrinceandthePauper《